Insulin Insufficiency Effects and Symptoms

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary effect of insulin insufficiency on carbohydrate metabolism?

Increased glycogen synthesis in the liver

Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver (correct)

Decreased glucose uptake by hepatocytes

Decreased glycogen breakdown in the liver

How does insulin insufficiency affect protein metabolism?

Decreased breakdown of tissue proteins

Increased breakdown of tissue protein (correct)

Enhanced amino acid uptake by muscle cells

Increased synthesis of tissue proteins

Which symptom is a direct result of hyperglycemia due to insulin insufficiency?

Hypoglycemia

Hypotension

Bradycardia

Dehydration (correct)

What biochemical change occurs as a result of increased triglyceride levels in the blood due to insulin insufficiency?

Increased production of ketone bodies in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical symptom is NOT typically associated with insulin insufficiency?

Weight gain despite increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of insulin's role in triglyceride metabolism?

Increased breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What defines the condition of glycosuria in insulin insufficiency?

Excess glucose in the urine due to high blood sugar Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin insufficiency affect the energy source used by the body?

Promotes utilization of alternative fuels stored in muscle and fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia?

Excessive food intake and insufficient insulin production. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for enabling cells to metabolize glucose?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis?

Pre-diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What age group is typically affected by Type 1 diabetes?

Persons younger than 30 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

Controlling muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of hormone levels being too high or too low?

Hormone diseases and bodily malfunctions Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with hyperglycemia?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can cause hypoglycemia?

Delayed or missed meals Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by dark velvety patches of skin, often found in the armpits and neck?

Acanthosis nigricans Signup and view all the answers

Which blood glucose level indicates a diagnosis of diabetes using a fasting blood sugar test?

126 mg/100 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the glucose tolerance test?

To assess the ability to utilize glucose Signup and view all the answers

What does a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level above 6.5% indicate?

Possible diagnosis of diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with diabetes due to immune system impact?

Frequent infections Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes immune-mediated diabetes mellitus?

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between genetic factors and type 1 diabetes?

Genetic predisposition combined with environmental factors may lead to type 1 diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes?

Exogenous insulin is essential for survival. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a primary cause of type 2 diabetes?

Increased insulin resistance due to obesity. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to fall under the category of idiopathic type 1 diabetes?

Most are of African or Asian origin. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What classic symptoms often indicate the onset of type 1 diabetes?

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of diagnosed diabetes cases does type 1 diabetes account for?

5% to 10% Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by normal or slightly elevated glucose levels that do not meet diabetes criteria?

Prediabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term consequence of chronic hyperinsulinemia related to insulin receptors?

Decreased number of insulin receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with the development of type 2 diabetes?

High dietary fiber intake Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is NOT associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women who develop gestational diabetes mellitus are likely to develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years after delivery?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk associated with gestational diabetes for the newborn?

Higher risk of stillbirth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why type 2 diabetes may go undiagnosed for years?

Gradual development of hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is strongly correlated with the development of type 2 diabetes?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Effects of Insulin Insufficiency on Nutrients

Insulin promotes nutrient uptake and synthesis of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein.
Insulin insufficiency leads to decreased glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue, and decreased glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle.
Increased glycogen breakdown, gluconeogenesis, and hyperglycemia occur in the absence of sufficient insulin.
There is decreased triglyceride synthesis and increased breakdown in adipose tissue, raising fatty acid and triglyceride levels in the blood and promoting ketone body production.

Symptoms of Insulin Insufficiency

Biochemical Symptoms

Glycosuria: Presence of sugar in urine when renal threshold is reached.
Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood glucose due to insulin lack, generally at levels of 180 mg/dL or above.
Ketosis/Acidosis: Accumulation of ketone bodies from rapid fatty acid oxidation when glucose utilization is impaired.
Ketonuria: Presence of ketone bodies in urine.

Clinical Symptoms

Polyuria: Excessive urination to excrete excess glucose.
Polydipsia: Increased thirst resulting from dehydration due to polyuria.
Polyphagia: Increased appetite from inability to utilize nutrients.
Weight loss occurs despite increased appetite due to cells not accessing glucose.
Blurred vision caused by fluid shifts affecting lens focus.

Diabetes Types

Type 1 Diabetes:
- Often diagnosed in those under 30; autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells.
- Classic symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia; ketoacidosis can be an initial sign.
- Accounts for 5-10% of diabetes cases.
Type 2 Diabetes:
- Characterized by insulin resistance and relative deficiency; develops gradually and may be undiagnosed for years.
- Pre-diabetes is a phase where glucose levels are elevated but not diabetic.
- Strongly correlated with obesity, aging, and sedentary lifestyle; accounts for 90-95% of diabetes cases.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM):
- Develops during pregnancy, typically around 24 weeks; increases risks for mother and infant.
- 70% of women with GDM develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years postpartum.

Endocrine System Overview

Comprised of glands producing hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and mood.
Major glands include pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive organs.
Hormonal imbalances can signal endocrine issues; stress and changes in fluid balance influence hormone levels.

Risk Factors and Complications

Type 2 diabetes linked to obesity, lack of exercise, and age; associated with cardiovascular risk factors.
Acute complications of diabetes include slow-healing sores and susceptibility to infections.
Acanthosis nigricans indicates insulin resistance with dark patches in skin folds.

Diagnosis of Diabetes

Random blood glucose test >200 mg/dL with symptoms indicates diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar ≥126 mg/dL indicates potential diabetes.
Glucose tolerance test is used where FBS is 100-125 ng/dL.
HbA1c test assesses long-term glucose control, with >6.5% indicating diabetes.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical effects of insulin insufficiency on nutrient metabolism and details the biochemical and clinical symptoms associated with low insulin levels. Understand how insulin impacts glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and the development of conditions like hyperglycemia and ketosis.