Instrument Navigation Flashcards Chapter 2c

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are examples of waypoints?

VORs (correct)

NDBs (correct)

Airports (correct)

None of the above

What does OBI stand for?

Omni-bearing Indicator

What does CDI stand for?

Course Deviation Indicator

What is the function of the OBS?

Omni-bearing Selector Signup and view all the answers

What does the Glide Slope/Path of CDI indicate?

Shows the relationship of the airplane to the vertical path used for instrument approaches. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) help navigation?

Combines the CDI with a heading indicator. Signup and view all the answers

What formula is used to calculate time to a VOR station?

(Time for Bearing Change (Minutes) x 60) / (Degrees of Bearing Change) Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate distance to a station?

Time to Station (minutes) x TAS (NM/min) Signup and view all the answers

What is VOR?

VHF Omni-directional Range Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency range for VOR?

108.0-117.95 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a service volume?

To guarantee signal reception only from that one VOR. Signup and view all the answers

How are VOR facilities classified?

According to their usable range and altitude. Signup and view all the answers

What is the VOR cone of confusion?

A situation where signals are inaccurate when flying above the VOR. Signup and view all the answers

What is required to determine if a VOR is operational?

ID the three-letter Morse code transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended radius for a TVOR's service volume?

25 NM radius from 1000ft to 12000ft Signup and view all the answers

How does a DME work?

A/C sends a signal, measures the time for the reply from the ground station. Signup and view all the answers

What does RNP stand for?

Required Navigation Performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to report position to ATC?

Using a cardinal bearing and distance from the nearest waypoint. Signup and view all the answers

What does ADF stand for?

Automatic Direction Finder Signup and view all the answers

How does an NDB work?

Sends an omni-directional signal received by aircraft loop antenna. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Magnetic Bearing (MB)?

MH + RB = MB Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Waypoints

Examples of waypoints include VORs (VHF Omni-Directional Range), NDBs (Non-Directional Beacons), intersections, and airports.

OBI (Omni-Bearing Indicator) is linked with VOR to indicate bearing.
CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) displays course information while tracking to or from a VOR or GPS waypoint. It drifts based on off-course distance, showing 2 degrees per dot.

Instrument Functions

OBS (Omni-Bearing Selector) is used to select radials on the CDI.
Glide Slope or Path CDI indicates the airplane's vertical path during certain instrument approaches.

Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

Combines CDI with a heading indicator, providing an automatically oriented display to enhance navigation accuracy.

Time and Distance Calculations

Time to VOR station is calculated as (Time for Bearing Change (minutes) x 60) / (Degrees of Bearing Change).
Distance to station is found using Time to Station (minutes) x TAS (NM/min).

VOR System Basics

VOR operates on a frequency range of 108.0 to 117.95 MHz.
The system emits two signals - a 360-degree sweeping variable signal and an omni-directional reference signal to determine aircraft position.

VOR Classifications and Service Volumes

VORs are classified based on standard service volume (SSV) and operational altitudes. Information can be found in the Chart Supplement.
Service volumes ensure reliable signal reception, defining distances relevant for off-route navigation.

Signal Limitations

VOR cone of confusion occurs when flying above, leading to inaccurate signals.
Zone of ambiguity when passing over a VOR is indicated by fluctuations in the CDI and TO/FROM indicators.

VOR Accuracy Checks

VOR inspections should be conducted every 30 days for IFR flights. Documentation includes date, place, bearing error, and signature.
VOT check confirms alignment on the 360 radial, ensuring accurate readings.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

DME measures slant range distance to/from a VOR and operates within a frequency range of 960 to 1215 MHz.
DME accuracy is defined as within 1/2 mile or 3%, while DME arch aids in transitioning from enroute flight to approach.

RNP standards dictate navigation equipment must keep aircraft within specified distances for enroute, terminal, and approach operations.

Flight Management Systems (FMS) and GPS

FMS automate management of navigational systems. GPS must meet Technical Standard Order (TSO) criteria for certification.
TSO-129 refers to non-WAAS GPS, whereas TSO-C145/C146 pertains to WAAS-capable GPS for IFR.

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) and Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)

ADF gives relative heading to L/MF NDBs and determines station passage by needle position.
NDB signals are omni-directional but can be affected by ionospheric conditions, terrain, and electrical interference.

NDB Service Volumes

Compass locators have a range of 15 nautical miles; Medium Homing (MH) category has a range of 25 nautical miles, and High Homing (HH) category extends to 75 nautical miles.

Errors arise from environmental factors like ionosphere and terrain, electricity from thunderstorms, banking interference, and shoreline effects impacting signal reliability.

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Description

This quiz covers key terms and definitions related to instrument navigation, including waypoints, OBIs, and CDIs. Perfect for students studying aviation or anyone interested in navigation technology. Test your knowledge of crucial navigation concepts with these flashcards!