Questions and Answers
What are ground waves?
Tunnel or alley bounded by the surface; reliable; 100Hz to 1,000kHz.
What are sky waves?
1 to 30 MHz; High Frequency (HF); can travel oceans on 50 to 100 watts of power; 80 to 90 percent reliable for aviation.
What is space wave?
15MHz and above; GPS signals use them and are corrected by systems; contain modulation errors; are 'line of sight'.
What is precipitation static?
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What is NDB and what does it show?
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Describe homing to the station versus tracking to the station.
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What is the rule of thumb to intercept bearing angle?
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Define VOR.
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Describe components of VOR receiver.
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Describe components of HSI receiver.
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Describe course intercept procedure using VOR.
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What are methods of VOR receiver check and how often?
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What is VOT procedure?
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What is DME frequency range?
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What are the three elements of GPS?
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How many GPS satellites are required to yield a three dimensional position?
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What TSO is VFR and IFR?
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What is RAIM?
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What is segment CDI sensitivity?
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How many satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS)?
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What is WAAS?
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What are the types of approaches for GPS?
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What is LAAS?
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What is INS?
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Study Notes
Ground Waves
- Ground waves operate within a frequency range of 100Hz to 1,000kHz.
- They are reliable signals that travel along the surface of the Earth.
Sky Waves
- Sky waves operate between 1 to 30 MHz and are classified as High Frequency (HF).
- Capable of crossing oceans with only 50 to 100 watts of power.
- These waves are 80 to 90 percent reliable for aviation navigation.
Space Waves
- Space waves operate at frequencies of 15MHz and above.
- Used in GPS systems and can contain modulation errors.
- Require line of sight for transmission; VOR signals range from 108 to 118MHz.
Precipitation Static
- Precipitation static generates noise on navigation or communication equipment, often due to weather-related conditions.
Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)
- NDB operates on frequencies of 190 to 535 kHz.
- Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) points to the beacon location.
- Includes three critical components: Relative Bearing (RB), Magnetic Heading (MH), and Magnetic Bearing to the Station (MBTO).
Homing vs. Tracking
- Homing involves flying any heading to keep the needle pointed toward the station.
- Tracking requires flying a specific heading to compensate for wind.
Intercept Bearing Angle Rule of Thumb
- To intercept a bearing angle, double the Relative Bearing (RB); for instance, if RB is 40 degrees right, intercept at 80 degrees.
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
- VOR operates within the range of 108 to 117.95 MHz, typically outputting around 200 watts.
- Provides omnidirectional coverage of 360 degrees.
VOR Receiver Components
- Includes the Omnibearing Selector (OBS) and Course Deviation Indicator (CDI).
- Features a To/From indicator to indicate aircraft positioning relative to the VOR station.
Horizontal Situational Indicator (HSI)
- HSI serves as the display for directional navigation, providing vital positional context for pilots.
VOR Course Intercept Procedure
- Calculate the difference between the desired radial and current heading for intercept.
- Adjust the OBS to the desired radial and turn to the intercept heading.
VOR Receiver Check
- Checks for VOR functionality required every 30 days, utilizing facilities, certified checkpoints, or VOT.
VOT Procedure
- The VOT checks if the VOR tuning at 108.0 MHz shows proper indications within plus or minus 4 degrees for ground checks.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
- DME operates between 962 to 1213 MHz, often used in conjunction with VOR signals.
- Capable of identifying Morse code for location assistance.
Elements of GPS
- Composed of three components: Space segment, Control segment, and User segment.
GPS Satellites Requirement
- A minimum of 4 satellites are necessary for three-dimensional positioning accuracy.
- 5 satellites are typically in view for continuous operation, with one acting as error checking.
Technical Standard Orders (TSO)
- TSO C115a applies to Visual Flight Rules (VFR) while TSO C-129 is for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
- Requires at least 5 satellites for safety checks or 4 satellites along with barometric aiding.
CDI Sensitivity
- Sensitivity varies by phase:
- Enroute: ±5 NM
- Terminal: ±1 NM
- Approach: ±0.3 NM
Global Positioning System Satellites
- Comprises 30 satellites, with a requirement of at least 24 operational satellites for full functionality.
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
- A Differential GPS system enhancing accuracy with 25 ground stations and 2 master stations.
GPS Approach Types
- Includes multiple approach types: LNAV, VNAV, LNAV+V, and LPV.
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
- Ground-based system focused on enhancing GPS accuracy in airport proximity for precise approach and departure procedures.
Inertial Navigation System (INS)
- INS enables pilots to enter the ground location prior to flight, relying on self-contained calculations for navigation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on navigation systems from Chapter 9 of the Instrument Flying Handbook. This quiz covers key concepts including ground waves, sky waves, and space waves, essential for understanding aviation navigation. Enhance your flying skills with these crucial definitions!