Instrument Flying Handbook Chapter 9

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Questions and Answers

What are ground waves?

Tunnel or alley bounded by the surface; reliable; 100Hz to 1,000kHz.

What are sky waves?

1 to 30 MHz; High Frequency (HF); can travel oceans on 50 to 100 watts of power; 80 to 90 percent reliable for aviation.

What is space wave?

15MHz and above; GPS signals use them and are corrected by systems; contain modulation errors; are 'line of sight'.

What is precipitation static?

Noise heard on navigation or communication equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What is NDB and what does it show?

Non-directional beacon; ADF points to the beacon; frequency 190 to 535 kHz. Signup and view all the answers

Describe homing to the station versus tracking to the station.

Homing: Flying any heading to keep the needle pointing to the station; Tracking: Flying a specific heading to correct for wind. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule of thumb to intercept bearing angle?

Double the RB; if RB is 40 degrees right, then intercept at 80 degrees. Signup and view all the answers

Define VOR.

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) - 108 to 112 MHz. Signup and view all the answers

Describe components of VOR receiver.

OBS - Omnibearing Selector; CDI - Course Deviation Indicator; To From Indicator. Signup and view all the answers

Describe components of HSI receiver.

Horizontal Situational Indicator - HSI. Signup and view all the answers

Describe course intercept procedure using VOR.

<ol> <li>Determine difference 205 less 160 = 045 degrees; 2. Double 045 to 90 degrees for intercept; 3. Rotate OBS to 205 degrees as desired radial; 4. Turn to intercept heading of 295; 5. Turn to track inbound radial 205.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are methods of VOR receiver check and how often?

VOR receiver check every 30 days using date, facility, signature, VOT, certified ground checkpoints, and certified airborne checkpoints. Signup and view all the answers

What is VOT procedure?

Tune frequency at AFD/Chart Supplement of 108.0 and should show 180 to and 0 from; error within plus or minus 4 degrees in ground check and airborne. Signup and view all the answers

What is DME frequency range?

962 to 1213 MHz; can hear morse code; there is slant error; can use for DME arc. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three elements of GPS?

Space, control, and user. Signup and view all the answers

How many GPS satellites are required to yield a three dimensional position?

At least 4 needed for 3D accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

What TSO is VFR and IFR?

TSO C115a is VFR; TSO C129 is IFR. Signup and view all the answers

What is RAIM?

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring; need a minimum of 5 satellites in view. Signup and view all the answers

What is segment CDI sensitivity?

Enroute ± 5NM; Terminal ± 1NM; Approach ± .3NM. Signup and view all the answers

How many satellites make up the Global Positioning System (GPS)?

30, and 24 need to be operational. Signup and view all the answers

What is WAAS?

A form of Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) that improves accuracy with ground stations. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of approaches for GPS?

LNAV, VNAV, LNAV+V, LPV. Signup and view all the answers

What is LAAS?

Local Area Augmentation System; Ground-based augmentation to GPS for precision approach. Signup and view all the answers

What is INS?

Inertial Navigation System; pilot enters ground location prior to flight. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ground Waves

Ground waves operate within a frequency range of 100Hz to 1,000kHz.
They are reliable signals that travel along the surface of the Earth.

Sky Waves

Sky waves operate between 1 to 30 MHz and are classified as High Frequency (HF).
Capable of crossing oceans with only 50 to 100 watts of power.
These waves are 80 to 90 percent reliable for aviation navigation.

Space Waves

Space waves operate at frequencies of 15MHz and above.
Used in GPS systems and can contain modulation errors.
Require line of sight for transmission; VOR signals range from 108 to 118MHz.

Precipitation Static

Precipitation static generates noise on navigation or communication equipment, often due to weather-related conditions.

Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)

NDB operates on frequencies of 190 to 535 kHz.
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) points to the beacon location.
Includes three critical components: Relative Bearing (RB), Magnetic Heading (MH), and Magnetic Bearing to the Station (MBTO).

Homing vs. Tracking

Homing involves flying any heading to keep the needle pointed toward the station.
Tracking requires flying a specific heading to compensate for wind.

Intercept Bearing Angle Rule of Thumb

To intercept a bearing angle, double the Relative Bearing (RB); for instance, if RB is 40 degrees right, intercept at 80 degrees.

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)

VOR operates within the range of 108 to 117.95 MHz, typically outputting around 200 watts.
Provides omnidirectional coverage of 360 degrees.

VOR Receiver Components

Includes the Omnibearing Selector (OBS) and Course Deviation Indicator (CDI).
Features a To/From indicator to indicate aircraft positioning relative to the VOR station.

Horizontal Situational Indicator (HSI)

HSI serves as the display for directional navigation, providing vital positional context for pilots.

VOR Course Intercept Procedure

Calculate the difference between the desired radial and current heading for intercept.
Adjust the OBS to the desired radial and turn to the intercept heading.

VOR Receiver Check

Checks for VOR functionality required every 30 days, utilizing facilities, certified checkpoints, or VOT.

VOT Procedure

The VOT checks if the VOR tuning at 108.0 MHz shows proper indications within plus or minus 4 degrees for ground checks.

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

DME operates between 962 to 1213 MHz, often used in conjunction with VOR signals.
Capable of identifying Morse code for location assistance.

Elements of GPS

Composed of three components: Space segment, Control segment, and User segment.

GPS Satellites Requirement

A minimum of 4 satellites are necessary for three-dimensional positioning accuracy.
5 satellites are typically in view for continuous operation, with one acting as error checking.

Technical Standard Orders (TSO)

TSO C115a applies to Visual Flight Rules (VFR) while TSO C-129 is for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)

Requires at least 5 satellites for safety checks or 4 satellites along with barometric aiding.

CDI Sensitivity

Sensitivity varies by phase:
- Enroute: ±5 NM
- Terminal: ±1 NM
- Approach: ±0.3 NM

Global Positioning System Satellites

Comprises 30 satellites, with a requirement of at least 24 operational satellites for full functionality.

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

A Differential GPS system enhancing accuracy with 25 ground stations and 2 master stations.

GPS Approach Types

Includes multiple approach types: LNAV, VNAV, LNAV+V, and LPV.

Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

Ground-based system focused on enhancing GPS accuracy in airport proximity for precise approach and departure procedures.

INS enables pilots to enter the ground location prior to flight, relying on self-contained calculations for navigation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on navigation systems from Chapter 9 of the Instrument Flying Handbook. This quiz covers key concepts including ground waves, sky waves, and space waves, essential for understanding aviation navigation. Enhance your flying skills with these crucial definitions!