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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cellular target of HIV during infection?
What is the primary cellular target of HIV during infection?
Which phase of HIV infection is characterized by high viral load and flu-like symptoms?
Which phase of HIV infection is characterized by high viral load and flu-like symptoms?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV replication process?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV replication process?
Which of the following best describes the structure of HIV?
Which of the following best describes the structure of HIV?
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In which global region is the highest prevalence of HIV found?
In which global region is the highest prevalence of HIV found?
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Which immunoglobulin class is primarily found in mucosal areas and secretions?
Which immunoglobulin class is primarily found in mucosal areas and secretions?
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What mechanism involves the clumping of antigens to enhance phagocytosis?
What mechanism involves the clumping of antigens to enhance phagocytosis?
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Which T cell type is primarily responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells?
Which T cell type is primarily responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells?
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Which type of MHC molecule presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells?
Which type of MHC molecule presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells?
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In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does IgE mediate an immediate allergic response?
In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does IgE mediate an immediate allergic response?
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What is the primary purpose of a pregnancy test?
What is the primary purpose of a pregnancy test?
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Which diagnostic test is known for its high sensitivity in detecting specific antigens or antibodies?
Which diagnostic test is known for its high sensitivity in detecting specific antigens or antibodies?
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What is defined as the concentration of antibodies present in serum?
What is defined as the concentration of antibodies present in serum?
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Which process initiates the movement of phagocytes towards pathogens during phagocytosis?
Which process initiates the movement of phagocytes towards pathogens during phagocytosis?
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What role do lysozymes play in the first line of defense of the innate immune system?
What role do lysozymes play in the first line of defense of the innate immune system?
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What is the primary function of sebum in the first line of defense?
What is the primary function of sebum in the first line of defense?
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Which component is involved in the formation of a membrane attack complex during the complement system activation?
Which component is involved in the formation of a membrane attack complex during the complement system activation?
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What characterizes the humoral immunity response?
What characterizes the humoral immunity response?
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How does fever enhance the immune response?
How does fever enhance the immune response?
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Which of the following is an example of an iron-binding protein in the innate immune system?
Which of the following is an example of an iron-binding protein in the innate immune system?
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What is the primary role of interferons in the innate immune response?
What is the primary role of interferons in the innate immune response?
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Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
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In the context of HIV infection, which of the following accurately describes the acute phase?
In the context of HIV infection, which of the following accurately describes the acute phase?
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What role do Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) molecules play in transplant rejection?
What role do Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) molecules play in transplant rejection?
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What is the primary target of HIV in the human immune system?
What is the primary target of HIV in the human immune system?
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During which reproductive process do fungi generate a diploid zygote?
During which reproductive process do fungi generate a diploid zygote?
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Which clinical condition is most commonly associated with Type II hypersensitivity?
Which clinical condition is most commonly associated with Type II hypersensitivity?
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What initial symptoms are typical in the chronic phase of HIV infection?
What initial symptoms are typical in the chronic phase of HIV infection?
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How do Plasmodium sporozoites cause malaria in humans?
How do Plasmodium sporozoites cause malaria in humans?
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What function do the surface glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 serve in HIV infection?
What function do the surface glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 serve in HIV infection?
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Which enzyme is primarily involved in converting viral RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) during HIV replication?
Which enzyme is primarily involved in converting viral RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) during HIV replication?
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During which phase of HIV infection does significant immune suppression occur due to CD4+ T cell depletion?
During which phase of HIV infection does significant immune suppression occur due to CD4+ T cell depletion?
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What mode of HIV transmission is considered vertical and typically occurs from mother to offspring?
What mode of HIV transmission is considered vertical and typically occurs from mother to offspring?
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What structural feature differentiates HIV from other viruses?
What structural feature differentiates HIV from other viruses?
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What is one of the roles of the complement system in innate immunity?
What is one of the roles of the complement system in innate immunity?
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Which process involves the movement of phagocytes toward pathogens?
Which process involves the movement of phagocytes toward pathogens?
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Which of the following components is a physical barrier in the first line of defense?
Which of the following components is a physical barrier in the first line of defense?
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What is the primary mechanism by which lysozyme functions in innate immunity?
What is the primary mechanism by which lysozyme functions in innate immunity?
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Which type of white blood cells includes neutrophils and macrophages?
Which type of white blood cells includes neutrophils and macrophages?
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What physiological change occurs during inflammation to facilitate immune response?
What physiological change occurs during inflammation to facilitate immune response?
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What is a characteristic feature of fevers in the immune response?
What is a characteristic feature of fevers in the immune response?
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What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in innate immunity?
What is the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in innate immunity?
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What is a potential consequence of Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
What is a potential consequence of Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
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Which hypersensitivity reaction involves antigen-antibody complexes that result in tissue damage?
Which hypersensitivity reaction involves antigen-antibody complexes that result in tissue damage?
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What mechanism describes how HIV integrates its genetic material into the host chromosome?
What mechanism describes how HIV integrates its genetic material into the host chromosome?
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Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of septate hyphae?
Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of septate hyphae?
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Which factor is a key component in the immune response to transplant rejection?
Which factor is a key component in the immune response to transplant rejection?
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What is the role of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in relation to cancer?
What is the role of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in relation to cancer?
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Which life cycle stage of Plasmodium contributes to the cyclic fever associated with malaria?
Which life cycle stage of Plasmodium contributes to the cyclic fever associated with malaria?
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What is the main challenge in developing an effective vaccine for HIV?
What is the main challenge in developing an effective vaccine for HIV?
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What is the primary role of memory B cells following the proliferation of B cells?
What is the primary role of memory B cells following the proliferation of B cells?
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Which antibody mechanism is primarily responsible for the neutralization of toxins and viruses?
Which antibody mechanism is primarily responsible for the neutralization of toxins and viruses?
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Which cytokines are primarily involved in activating B cells and providing help to other immune cells?
Which cytokines are primarily involved in activating B cells and providing help to other immune cells?
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What distinguishes MHC II from MHC I molecules in terms of their function?
What distinguishes MHC II from MHC I molecules in terms of their function?
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Which statement best describes the process of precipitation reactions in diagnostics?
Which statement best describes the process of precipitation reactions in diagnostics?
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Which type of adaptive immunity is characterized by the direct transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?
Which type of adaptive immunity is characterized by the direct transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?
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In allergic reactions, which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in mediating the immediate hypersensitivity response?
In allergic reactions, which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in mediating the immediate hypersensitivity response?
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What is the main function of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) in the immune response?
What is the main function of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) in the immune response?
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What role does integrase play in the replication process of HIV?
What role does integrase play in the replication process of HIV?
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Which of the following descriptions best depicts the chronic phase of HIV infection?
Which of the following descriptions best depicts the chronic phase of HIV infection?
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In what way does HIV primarily establish itself within the host's immune system?
In what way does HIV primarily establish itself within the host's immune system?
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Which feature of HIV's structure is essential for its ability to attach to host cells?
Which feature of HIV's structure is essential for its ability to attach to host cells?
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What are the consequences of opportunistic infections during the AIDS phase of HIV infection?
What are the consequences of opportunistic infections during the AIDS phase of HIV infection?
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Which immunoglobulin class provides passive immunity from mother to fetus?
Which immunoglobulin class provides passive immunity from mother to fetus?
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Which type of adaptive immunity occurs due to receiving an antibody injection?
Which type of adaptive immunity occurs due to receiving an antibody injection?
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What mechanism is NOT associated with antibodies?
What mechanism is NOT associated with antibodies?
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Which of the following best describes the role of CD4+ T cells?
Which of the following best describes the role of CD4+ T cells?
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In which diagnostic test is agglutination reactions utilized for blood typing?
In which diagnostic test is agglutination reactions utilized for blood typing?
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Which statement about MHC molecules is incorrect?
Which statement about MHC molecules is incorrect?
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What type of hypersensitivity involves IgE and the release of histamine?
What type of hypersensitivity involves IgE and the release of histamine?
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Which mechanism involves antibodies preventing pathogen interaction with host cells?
Which mechanism involves antibodies preventing pathogen interaction with host cells?
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What is the primary cause of fetal anemia associated with Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
What is the primary cause of fetal anemia associated with Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
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Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by T cells and does not involve antibodies?
Which type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by T cells and does not involve antibodies?
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Which condition is most likely to result from the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
Which condition is most likely to result from the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissues?
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What is a key consequence of the integration stage in the viral replication of HIV?
What is a key consequence of the integration stage in the viral replication of HIV?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune system?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune system?
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What defines the mechanism of action for antiretroviral therapy (ART) targeting HIV?
What defines the mechanism of action for antiretroviral therapy (ART) targeting HIV?
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During which phase of malaria infection do the Plasmodium merozoites lyse RBCs, leading to cyclical fever?
During which phase of malaria infection do the Plasmodium merozoites lyse RBCs, leading to cyclical fever?
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In the context of transplant rejection, what is primarily targeted by the recipient's immune system?
In the context of transplant rejection, what is primarily targeted by the recipient's immune system?
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Which component in the first line of defense is responsible for breaking down bacterial cell walls?
Which component in the first line of defense is responsible for breaking down bacterial cell walls?
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What is the primary role of iron-binding proteins like transferrin in innate immunity?
What is the primary role of iron-binding proteins like transferrin in innate immunity?
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During inflammation, which process allows immune cells to reach the site of infection?
During inflammation, which process allows immune cells to reach the site of infection?
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What mechanism do complement proteins utilize to create pores in pathogen membranes?
What mechanism do complement proteins utilize to create pores in pathogen membranes?
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Which of the following steps in phagocytosis involves the binding of phagocyte receptors to pathogen molecules?
Which of the following steps in phagocytosis involves the binding of phagocyte receptors to pathogen molecules?
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What is the primary function of the complement system during an immune response?
What is the primary function of the complement system during an immune response?
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Which stage of phagocytosis follows the adherence of the phagocyte to the pathogen?
Which stage of phagocytosis follows the adherence of the phagocyte to the pathogen?
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What is the primary purpose of inducing a fever during an immune response?
What is the primary purpose of inducing a fever during an immune response?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity and First Line of Defense
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First Line of Defense: Physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory cilia trap and remove pathogens. Chemical factors such as lysozyme (breaks down bacterial cell walls), acidity (inhibits microbial growth), and sebum (creates a protective skin film) also play a role.
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Second Line of Defense (Internal): Processes like inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and the complement system fight infection.
Components of the Innate Immune System
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Formed Elements in Blood:
- Erythrocytes (RBCs): Carry oxygen.
- Leukocytes (WBCs): Include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes.
- Platelets: Involved in clotting and inflammation.
Phagocytosis
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Steps:
- Chemotaxis: Phagocytes move toward pathogens.
- Adherence: Phagocyte receptors bind to pathogens.
- Ingestion: Pathogen is engulfed into a phagosome.
- Digestion: Phagosome fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome), where enzymes break down the pathogen.
Inflammation
- Signs: Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- Stages: Vasodilation (increased blood flow), increased permeability (immune cells reach site), phagocyte migration, tissue repair, and resolution of inflammation.
Fever
- Cause: Pyrogens reset the hypothalamus to a higher temperature.
- Effects: Enhances immune response and inhibits pathogen replication.
Complement System
- Components: Proteins (C1-C9).
- Functions: Opsonization (C3b enhances phagocytosis), membrane attack complex (C5b-C9 creates pores in pathogens, leading to lysis)
Other Aspects (Pages 2-8)
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Inflammation (C3a, C5a) and Interferons (IFNs): Attracting immune cells and inhibiting viral replication.
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Iron-Binding Proteins: Limit iron availability to pathogens.
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Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Destroy pathogens.
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Adaptive Immunity:
- Humoral: B cells and antibodies target extracellular pathogens.
- Cellular: T cells target intracellular pathogens.
- Antibody Structure: Y-shaped with variable and constant regions. Functions include neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, complement activation.
- Immunoglobulin Classes: (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) with various functions.
- B Cells and Clonal Selection: Recognize antigens, proliferate into plasma cells for antibody production, and form memory cells.
- T Cells: (CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells) play crucial roles in immune responses.
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) (e.g., Dendritic cells, macrophages): Present antigens to T cells.
- MHC Molecules (MHC I & MHC II): Present antigens to T cells.
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Diagnostic Tests (Precipitation, Agglutination, Immunofluorescence, Neutralization, ELISA): Methods for detecting antigens and antibodies.
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Hypersensitivities: Types I (immediate), II (cytotoxic), III (immune complex), IV (delayed).
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Immune System and Cancer: Immune cells target tumors.
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HIV/AIDS:
- Transmission: Blood, sexual, mother-to-child.
- Viral Structure: Enveloped with RNA. Includes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.
- Replication: Attachment, entry, reverse transcription, integration, transcription & translation, assembly, and budding.
- Progression: Acute, chronic, AIDS phases.
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Fungal and Protozoan Diseases: Including structures, life cycles, and examples. (Specific details depend on those organisms)
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Descriptions of Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis, including symptoms, diagnostics, and transmission.
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Herpes, HPV: Viral mechanisms & transmission.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the innate immune system, including the first line of defense such as physical and chemical barriers, as well as the internal responses like inflammation and phagocytosis. This quiz covers the essential components and processes that protect the body against pathogens.
