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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of cathelicidins?
What is the main function of cathelicidins?
- To engulf and destroy microorganisms, especially bacteria
- To recognize and destroy many pathogens without aid of an adaptive immune response
- To kill microbes in response to inflammation (correct)
- To act as a chemical barrier
Which of the following can trigger phagocytosis?
Which of the following can trigger phagocytosis?
- Binding to Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
- Binding to a Lectin receptor
- An antibody binds to an antigen (correct)
- All of the above
Which cells are the major phagocytes in the body?
Which cells are the major phagocytes in the body?
- Defensins
- Neutrophils (correct)
- Lectins
- Lysozymes
What type of cells are neutrophils?
What type of cells are neutrophils?
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
What occurs when lymphatic vessels themselves become inflamed?
What occurs when lymphatic vessels themselves become inflamed?
Which process involves the binding of selectins and rolling of cellular adhesion molecules to their respective ligands on leukocytes?
Which process involves the binding of selectins and rolling of cellular adhesion molecules to their respective ligands on leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of which type of cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of which type of cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
Which type of receptor recognizes 'carbohydrate patterns' on bacterial, fungal, and parasitic cell walls?
Which type of receptor recognizes 'carbohydrate patterns' on bacterial, fungal, and parasitic cell walls?
What is the main role of an opsonin in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the main role of an opsonin in the process of phagocytosis?
Which receptor binds to complement opsonins found mostly on bacterial cell walls?
Which receptor binds to complement opsonins found mostly on bacterial cell walls?
What is the function of lectin receptors in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the function of lectin receptors in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the role of PI3 kinase in the process of phagocytosis?
What is the role of PI3 kinase in the process of phagocytosis?
Which type of receptor binds to the constant region of different antibody types?
Which type of receptor binds to the constant region of different antibody types?
In phagocytosis, what is the main function of a phagosome?
In phagocytosis, what is the main function of a phagosome?
What is the primary role of calreticulin as a receptor in phagocytosis?
What is the primary role of calreticulin as a receptor in phagocytosis?
When a microbe binds to a PRR on a phagocyte, it can trigger phagocytosis and ______
When a microbe binds to a PRR on a phagocyte, it can trigger phagocytosis and ______
SRs (scavenger receptors) bind mostly to fungi and viruses
SRs (scavenger receptors) bind mostly to fungi and viruses
Post phagocytosis of microbe, phagosome will dock with....
Post phagocytosis of microbe, phagosome will dock with....
Phagosomes are able to kill microbes engulfed through their....
Phagosomes are able to kill microbes engulfed through their....
What role does NADPH oxidase complex play in phagocytosis?
What role does NADPH oxidase complex play in phagocytosis?
When do NETs occur?
When do NETs occur?
When an environment is filled with many bacteria, neutrophils lyse and release their ______ into the ECF to trap the bacteria
When an environment is filled with many bacteria, neutrophils lyse and release their ______ into the ECF to trap the bacteria
The fusion of a superoxide with nitric oxide forms_______, which is a nitric oxide super radical that can even damage our own cells
The fusion of a superoxide with nitric oxide forms_______, which is a nitric oxide super radical that can even damage our own cells
Lactoferrin is found in neutrophil granules and can impede _______ metabolism, which is essential for bacterial metabolism
Lactoferrin is found in neutrophil granules and can impede _______ metabolism, which is essential for bacterial metabolism
Defensins, Cathepsins, Cathelicidins and lysozymes are all found in....
Defensins, Cathepsins, Cathelicidins and lysozymes are all found in....
Which of the following roles do cytokines play in an immune response?
Which of the following roles do cytokines play in an immune response?
Interferons are mostly released in the presence of....
Interferons are mostly released in the presence of....
Patients with Myd88 deficiency suffer from....
Patients with Myd88 deficiency suffer from....
What is the consequence of Myd88 binding to TLRs on phagocytes?
What is the consequence of Myd88 binding to TLRs on phagocytes?
TLRs have variable specificity for a range of pathogens
TLRs have variable specificity for a range of pathogens
Which of the following families of receptors are found intracellularly?
Which of the following families of receptors are found intracellularly?
Toll-like receptors recognize products derived from the degradation of phagocytosed pathogens
Toll-like receptors recognize products derived from the degradation of phagocytosed pathogens
What is the main function of lipoxins in the inflammatory process?
What is the main function of lipoxins in the inflammatory process?
Which enzyme generates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?
Which enzyme generates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?
What is the primary effect of important prostaglandins like PGE2, PGD2, and PGI2?
What is the primary effect of important prostaglandins like PGE2, PGD2, and PGI2?
Which organ do leukotrienes play an important role in?
Which organ do leukotrienes play an important role in?
What is the role of prostaglandin PGI2 in the inflammatory process?
What is the role of prostaglandin PGI2 in the inflammatory process?
Which enzyme generates lipoxins from arachidonic acid?
Which enzyme generates lipoxins from arachidonic acid?
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
What occurs as interstitial fluid accumulates during inflammation?
What occurs as interstitial fluid accumulates during inflammation?
What are the major cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
What are the major cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
What is the main function of a chemokine?
What is the main function of a chemokine?
What is the significance of the CXC chemokines?
What is the significance of the CXC chemokines?
What is the first step in leukocyte migration?
What is the first step in leukocyte migration?
Which chemokine family primarily attracts neutrophils and has angiogenic properties?
Which chemokine family primarily attracts neutrophils and has angiogenic properties?
What is the role of chemokines in mediating adhesion of leukocytes?
What is the role of chemokines in mediating adhesion of leukocytes?
Which type of chemokine family acts on/attracts a wide variety of other leukocytes?
Which type of chemokine family acts on/attracts a wide variety of other leukocytes?
What is the function of chemokines specifically in inflammation/migration?
What is the function of chemokines specifically in inflammation/migration?
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Study Notes
Cathelicidins and Phagocytosis
- Cathelicidins function as antimicrobial peptides, playing a key role in innate immunity by disrupting microbial membranes.
- Opsonins enhance phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment.
Phagocytes and Leukocytes
- Major phagocytes in the body include macrophages and neutrophils.
- Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell essential for immediate immune response.
- Eosinophils and basophils, along with neutrophils, are leukocytes that migrate from circulation to inflamed tissues.
Mechanisms of Endothelial Movement
- Large molecules primarily cross the endothelium via transcytosis.
- Increased interstitial fluid pressure during inflammation is caused by vascular leakage and accumulation of fluid.
Inflammation and Lymphatics
- Inflammation can lead to lymphatic vessel inflammation, resulting in impaired fluid drainage and increased swelling.
- Binding of selectins and rolling adhesion of cells on leukocytes is involved in leukocyte trafficking during inflammation.
Pattern Recognition and Opsonization
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect carbohydrate patterns on pathogens, facilitating immune response.
- Opsonin receptors on phagocytes recognize complement proteins, especially on bacterial surfaces.
Phagosome Functionality
- Phagosomes engulf and kill microbes through fusion with lysosomes containing antimicrobial substances.
- Calreticulin acts as a receptor that aids in opsonization and enhances phagocytic activity.
Enzymatic Roles and Microbial Killing
- The NADPH oxidase complex generates reactive oxygen species crucial for killing engulfed pathogens.
- Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) when overwhelmed by bacteria to trap pathogens effectively.
Nitric Oxide and Bacterial Metabolism
- Fusion of superoxide with nitric oxide results in peroxynitrite, a potent reactive nitrogen species that can harm host tissues as well.
- Lactoferrin, found in neutrophils, inhibits bacterial iron metabolism, essential for pathogen growth.
Cytokines and Immune Response
- Cytokines are signaling proteins that modulate immune responses, influencing inflammation and cell communication.
- Interferons are often released in response to viral infections, enhancing the immune response.
TLRs and Pathogen Recognition
- TLRs (Toll-like receptors) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate immune signals.
- Myd88 plays a critical role in transducing signals from TLRs to enhance phagocytic actions.
Lipid Mediators in Inflammation
- Lipoxins are involved in the resolution phase of inflammation, helping to inhibit inflammatory responses.
- Arachidonic acid is produced from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2, playing a key role in inflammatory pathways.
Chemokines and Leukocyte Migration
- Chemokines are essential for directing leukocyte migration during inflammation, signaling cells to reach the infection site.
- CXC chemokines particularly attract neutrophils and can stimulate angiogenesis.
- The first step in leukocyte migration involves their tethering and crawling along the endothelium in response to chemokine gradients.
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