51 Questions
What is the main function of cathelicidins?
To kill microbes in response to inflammation
Which of the following can trigger phagocytosis?
An antibody binds to an antigen
Which cells are the major phagocytes in the body?
Neutrophils
What type of cells are neutrophils?
Non-dividing, short-lived cells in blood
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
Pinocytosis (caveolin pathway)
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
Increased production of interstitial fluid
What occurs when lymphatic vessels themselves become inflamed?
Lymphangiitis
Which process involves the binding of selectins and rolling of cellular adhesion molecules to their respective ligands on leukocytes?
Both of the above
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of which type of cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
Granulocytes
Which type of receptor recognizes 'carbohydrate patterns' on bacterial, fungal, and parasitic cell walls?
Dectin
What is the main role of an opsonin in the process of phagocytosis?
To enhance the effectiveness of phagocytosis by coating the microbe
Which receptor binds to complement opsonins found mostly on bacterial cell walls?
CR3
What is the function of lectin receptors in the process of phagocytosis?
To recognize and bind to 'carbohydrate patterns' on microbial cell walls
What is the role of PI3 kinase in the process of phagocytosis?
To mediate intracellular signaling events and actin polymerization
Which type of receptor binds to the constant region of different antibody types?
Fc receptor
In phagocytosis, what is the main function of a phagosome?
To engulf the microbe and form a compartment for degradation
What is the primary role of calreticulin as a receptor in phagocytosis?
To bind to particular opsonins
When a microbe binds to a PRR on a phagocyte, it can trigger phagocytosis and ______
cytokine secretion
SRs (scavenger receptors) bind mostly to fungi and viruses
False
Post phagocytosis of microbe, phagosome will dock with....
Lysosomes and/or neutrophil granules
Phagosomes are able to kill microbes engulfed through their....
All of the above
What role does NADPH oxidase complex play in phagocytosis?
Creates oxygen species that can kill microbes
When do NETs occur?
When neutrophils are surrounded by many bacteria
When an environment is filled with many bacteria, neutrophils lyse and release their ______ into the ECF to trap the bacteria
DNA
The fusion of a superoxide with nitric oxide forms_______, which is a nitric oxide super radical that can even damage our own cells
Peroxynitrite
Lactoferrin is found in neutrophil granules and can impede _______ metabolism, which is essential for bacterial metabolism
Iron
Defensins, Cathepsins, Cathelicidins and lysozymes are all found in....
Neutrophil granules
Which of the following roles do cytokines play in an immune response?
All of the above
Interferons are mostly released in the presence of....
Viruses
Patients with Myd88 deficiency suffer from....
More frequent and severe bacterial infections
What is the consequence of Myd88 binding to TLRs on phagocytes?
Release of inflammatory cytokines
TLRs have variable specificity for a range of pathogens
True
Which of the following families of receptors are found intracellularly?
Nod-like receptors
Toll-like receptors recognize products derived from the degradation of phagocytosed pathogens
False
What is the main function of lipoxins in the inflammatory process?
Decrease inflammation
Which enzyme generates arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?
PLA2
What is the primary effect of important prostaglandins like PGE2, PGD2, and PGI2?
Vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability
Which organ do leukotrienes play an important role in?
Lungs
What is the role of prostaglandin PGI2 in the inflammatory process?
Increase inflammation
Which enzyme generates lipoxins from arachidonic acid?
12-lipoxygenase
What is the main mechanism for large molecules to move across the endothelium?
Pinocytosis (caveolin pathway)
During inflammation, what contributes to the increased pressure in the interstitial space?
Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability
What occurs as interstitial fluid accumulates during inflammation?
Lymphangiitis
What are the major cells that migrate from the circulation into inflamed tissue?
Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
What is the main function of a chemokine?
Induce movement of leukocytes along the chemokine concentration gradient
What is the significance of the CXC chemokines?
Attract neutrophils to site of inflammation
What is the first step in leukocyte migration?
Margination – leukocytes migrate towards vessel wall
Which chemokine family primarily attracts neutrophils and has angiogenic properties?
CXC
What is the role of chemokines in mediating adhesion of leukocytes?
Stimulate leukocytes to express integrin
Which type of chemokine family acts on/attracts a wide variety of other leukocytes?
CC
What is the function of chemokines specifically in inflammation/migration?
Mediating adhesion
Explore the roles and functions of defensins in the immune system, including their ability to kill microbes extracellularly and intracellularly. Learn about the process of phagocytosis and the role of phagocytes as a defense mechanism against invading microbes.
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