Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of pedestrian accidents in Karachi involves children under 10 years?
What percentage of pedestrian accidents in Karachi involves children under 10 years?
Which factor is NOT listed as a cause of automobile accidents?
Which factor is NOT listed as a cause of automobile accidents?
Which of the following is a typical site of home accidents in Pakistan?
Which of the following is a typical site of home accidents in Pakistan?
What is one major factor contributing to pedestrian accidents in Karachi?
What is one major factor contributing to pedestrian accidents in Karachi?
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What condition is associated with home accidents related to falls among older people?
What condition is associated with home accidents related to falls among older people?
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What is the definition of an injury?
What is the definition of an injury?
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What are unintentional injuries?
What are unintentional injuries?
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What is a significant cause of building collapses in multistory residential apartments in Pakistan?
What is a significant cause of building collapses in multistory residential apartments in Pakistan?
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How does the magnitude of injury-related deaths compare to other diseases?
How does the magnitude of injury-related deaths compare to other diseases?
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Which of the following is a common type of accident reported in industrial settings?
Which of the following is a common type of accident reported in industrial settings?
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What does the term 'accident' imply?
What does the term 'accident' imply?
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What percentage of global deaths is attributed to injuries?
What percentage of global deaths is attributed to injuries?
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What factor contributes to child drowning incidents near water sources?
What factor contributes to child drowning incidents near water sources?
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What type of accidents occur due to carbon monoxide in certain regions?
What type of accidents occur due to carbon monoxide in certain regions?
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Which is a major concern related to civic agency negligence?
Which is a major concern related to civic agency negligence?
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What are three of the top five causes of death for people aged 5-29 years?
What are three of the top five causes of death for people aged 5-29 years?
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How do injuries and violence affect national economies?
How do injuries and violence affect national economies?
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Which group of road users is mentioned as among the most vulnerable?
Which group of road users is mentioned as among the most vulnerable?
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What does the term 'impairment' refer to?
What does the term 'impairment' refer to?
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What distinguishes a disability from an impairment?
What distinguishes a disability from an impairment?
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What is the primary purpose of the Haddon Matrix in injury prevention?
What is the primary purpose of the Haddon Matrix in injury prevention?
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Which intervention would be classified under the 'Post-event' phase of injury prevention?
Which intervention would be classified under the 'Post-event' phase of injury prevention?
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What does the 'Vector or Agent Factors' category in the Haddon Matrix refer to?
What does the 'Vector or Agent Factors' category in the Haddon Matrix refer to?
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Which of the following resources is part of the WHO's guidance on evidence-based policy for injury prevention?
Which of the following resources is part of the WHO's guidance on evidence-based policy for injury prevention?
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What is a goal of the WHO in relation to injury prevention?
What is a goal of the WHO in relation to injury prevention?
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Which factor is NOT included in the Haddon Matrix?
Which factor is NOT included in the Haddon Matrix?
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What intervention is aimed at preventing the release of an agent during the 'Pre-event' phase?
What intervention is aimed at preventing the release of an agent during the 'Pre-event' phase?
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Which of the following strategies is specifically targeted at preventing violence against women?
Which of the following strategies is specifically targeted at preventing violence against women?
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Which type of violence involves the perpetrator and the victim being the same individual?
Which type of violence involves the perpetrator and the victim being the same individual?
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What is a common risk factor that affects all types of violence?
What is a common risk factor that affects all types of violence?
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Which category of unintentional injury is primarily associated with workplaces?
Which category of unintentional injury is primarily associated with workplaces?
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What type of prevention strategies focus on stopping violent events from occurring?
What type of prevention strategies focus on stopping violent events from occurring?
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What is collective violence primarily characterized by?
What is collective violence primarily characterized by?
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Which factor is considered a broad societal determinant of health associated with violence?
Which factor is considered a broad societal determinant of health associated with violence?
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What type of unintentional injury is most commonly linked to transportation incidents?
What type of unintentional injury is most commonly linked to transportation incidents?
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Which type of prevention involves efforts aimed at rehabilitating victims after violence has occurred?
Which type of prevention involves efforts aimed at rehabilitating victims after violence has occurred?
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Which category of violence does not primarily involve political motives?
Which category of violence does not primarily involve political motives?
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What is identified as a risk factor that can exacerbate the consequences of violence in communities?
What is identified as a risk factor that can exacerbate the consequences of violence in communities?
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Study Notes
Injury Violence and Accident
- Injury is defined as physical damage to the body, resulting from exposure to various energy types (mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, or radiant) exceeding the threshold of physiologic tolerance.
- Objectives of the lecture include defining injury, accidents, violence, disability, impairment and handicap; identifying risk factors; analysing the magnitude of the problem in Pakistan; appreciating injury types; and suggesting preventive strategies.
- Unintentional injuries include traffic collisions, burns, falls, and poisonings.
- Intentional injuries result from deliberate acts of violence against oneself or others.
- An accident is an unexpected, unforeseen, or unintended event that causes physical harm.
- Globally, over 5 million people die from injuries annually, more than HIV/AIDS and malaria combined.
- Nearly 3,500 people die on the world's roads daily.
- Approximately 2.3 million deaths occur from injury-related causes (including violence, falls, drowning, burns, and poisonings).
- Road traffic collisions account for about 1.2 million deaths annually.
- Pakistan ranks fourth globally in vehicular accidents and has a high accident rate in the Asian region.
- For people aged 5-29, three of the top five causes of death are injury-related (road traffic injuries, homicide, suicide).
- Injuries and violence significantly burden national economies, costing billions annually in health care, lost productivity, and legal enforcement.
- Children, pedestrians, cyclists, and the elderly are among the most vulnerable road users.
- The WHO works internationally to raise awareness of the preventability of road traffic injuries through promotion of safety guidelines (such as seat belt and helmet use).
Types of Injuries
- Unintentional injuries:
- Result from traffic collisions.
- Result from burns.
- Result from falls.
- Result from poisonings.
- Intentional injuries:
- Result from deliberate acts of violence against oneself or others.
Accidents
- Accidents are unexpected, unforeseen, or unintended events that cause physical damage to a person.
- The term implies a degree of inevitability
Magnitude of the Problem
- Injuries annually kill more people than HIV/AIDS plus Malaria.
- Nearly 3,500 people die daily from road accidents.
- Tens of millions are injured or disabled annually globally.
- Injury-related deaths from violence and various causes (falls, drowning, burns, poisonings) total approximately 2.3 million annually, including deaths from road traffic accidents estimated at 1.2 million annually.
- Pakistan is high on the list of countries with high rates of vehicular accidents.
- For people age 5 to 29, three of the top 5 causes of death globally are related to injuries. Such injuries and violence severely affect national economies, costing billions in health care, lost productivity, and law enforcement expenses.
Impairment, Disability, and Handicap
- Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of anatomic, physiologic, or psychologic structure or function, from abnormalities in body structure, appearance, organ or system function.
- Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity as part of the normal range, from an impairment in function, affecting the person instead of a specific organ; it does not automatically lead to a handicap
- Handicap: A disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfilling a role, which is normal for one's role in society, influencing their interaction with others.
Intentional Injuries ("Violence")
- Intentional injuries are defined as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group or community, with or without a high likelihood of causing injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation.
- WHO categorizes violence into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective violence according to the individual or entity that commits the violence.
Risk Factors
- Major types of violence (self-directed, interpersonal, collective) with unique risk factors.
- Each violence type may be a risk factor for the others.
- Broad societal determinants of health include poverty, economic and gender inequality, unemployment.
- Inadequate adult supervision of children is a risk factor.
- Unsafe living conditions, schools, roads and workplaces are risk factors.
- Inadequate product safety standards, easy access to dangerous items (drugs, firearms, pesticides), and weak social safety nets are risk factors
- Weak criminal justice systems contribute to injuries and violence.
Prevention
- Prevention dimensions concern time and social inclusiveness. The first dimension concerns the timing of interventions and classifies efforts according to the chain of risk factors and situational factors. The second dimension concerns social inclusiveness, ranging from strategies targeting everyone.
- Primary: Universal and selected population interventions to prevent violence before it occurs.
- Secondary: Minimizes harm after a violent event has begun and involves interventions to reduce event duration.
- Tertiary: Treatments and rehabilitation of victims and perpetrators, focusing on reintegration into society following violence.
- The WHO offers resources such as technical packages (including road safety, drowning prevention, falls prevention) and initiatives to prevent violence against men, women, and children, providing technical support to countries.
Unintentional Injury (Accidents)
- Unintentional injuries are increasing in developing nations with advancements in technology.
- Category examples include traffic injuries, domestic injuries, occupational injuries, and recreational injuries.
Traffic Injuries
- Automobiles, motorcycles, public buses, trucks, camels, carts, donkeys, and carts are major contributors to accidents in Pakistan.
- Economic losses from damage, injuries, and deaths from these causes are in the millions of rupees annually.
- Pedestrian accidents are a major concern, often due to pedestrian crossings, with children (under 10) being disproportionately affected in Karachi.
- Common causes of automobile accidents include over-speeding, failure to follow traffic rules, overloading, mechanical faults, and lack of traffic sense.
Home Accidents
- Home accidents in Pakistan often involve cooking (oil stove explosions, sari fires).
- Older people frequently experience fractures from falls.
- Carbon monoxide poisoning is a concern in winter months, especially in northern and Balochistan regions.
Other Accidents
- Multi-story building construction with substandard material (cement, iron, wood) is a major contributor to building collapses, often injuring or burying workers before completion.
- Drowning incidents frequently occur near beaches in Karachi, often due to child entrapment in open water tanks or negligence by authorities in maintaining manholes.
Industrial Accidents
- Accidents in industries may involve injuries from machinery handling, chemical exposure affecting the gastrointestinal tract, eye injuries from arc welding, or entrapment in elevators.
Injury Prevention (Haddon Matrix)
- The Haddon Matrix is an injury prevention paradigm focusing on factors contributing to injuries pre-event, during events, and post-event, considering personal attributes, agents, and environmental factors.
- Actions to prevent injuries can target factors at each of these stages; strategies for injury prevention include preventing agent existence and release, separating agent and host, providing host protection, limiting agent amount and release pattern, controlling interaction between agents and hosts, and increasing host resilience.
WHO Response
- The WHO develops and disseminates guidance on injury prevention, including technical packages for road safety and drowning prevention, strategies for violence prevention, a world free of alcohol-related harms.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of injury, accidents, and violence, examining definitions, types, and risk factors associated with them. It also highlights the global impact of injuries and suggests preventive strategies. Test your knowledge about this critical public health issue.
