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Questions and Answers
Influenza virüslerinin RNA genomu hakkında hangi ifade doğrudur?
Influenza virüslerinin RNA genomu hakkında hangi ifade doğrudur?
Aşağıdakilerden hangisi influenza virüslerinin yüzeyel çıkıntılarından biri değildir?
Aşağıdakilerden hangisi influenza virüslerinin yüzeyel çıkıntılarından biri değildir?
İnfluenza virüslerinin hangi özelliği pandemiye yol açabilir?
İnfluenza virüslerinin hangi özelliği pandemiye yol açabilir?
Hangi influenza virüsü tipi, insanların yanı sıra hayvanlarda da enfeksiyon yapabilme potansiyeline sahiptir?
Hangi influenza virüsü tipi, insanların yanı sıra hayvanlarda da enfeksiyon yapabilme potansiyeline sahiptir?
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İnfluenza virüslerinin morfolojik yapısının temel özellikleri nelerdir?
İnfluenza virüslerinin morfolojik yapısının temel özellikleri nelerdir?
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Hangi protein, RNA çevresinde kapsid oluşumunu düzenler?
Hangi protein, RNA çevresinde kapsid oluşumunu düzenler?
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Aşağıdakilerden hangisi influenza A virüsünün matriks proteininin işlevlerinden biri değildir?
Aşağıdakilerden hangisi influenza A virüsünün matriks proteininin işlevlerinden biri değildir?
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Nöraminidazın işlevi nedir?
Nöraminidazın işlevi nedir?
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Hangi protein sadece influenza A virüsünde bulunmaktadır?
Hangi protein sadece influenza A virüsünde bulunmaktadır?
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PB2 (Bazik polimeraz 2) için aşağıdaki ifadelerden hangisi doğrudur?
PB2 (Bazik polimeraz 2) için aşağıdaki ifadelerden hangisi doğrudur?
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Study Notes
Orthomyxoviruses
- Orthomyxoviruses family includes 7 genera, and 4 of them are influenza.
- Influenza viruses are spherical or filamentous, 80-120 nm in size.
- They have segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genomes.
- They are enveloped viruses with surface glycoproteins.
- Surface proteins are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).
Influenza Viruses
- Classification, nomenclature
- Morphology
- Viral genes and their products
- Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
- Antigenic drift and shift
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Pandemic overview
RNA Viruses
- Classification of RNA viruses
- Orthomyxoviruses are a type of RNA virus
Influenza Viruses (Detailed)
- RNA segments
- Matrix protein (M)
- Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Orthomyxoviridae family, 7 genera, 4 of them are influenza.
- 80-120 nm in size.
- Spherical or filamentous
- Segmented, negative-polarity, single-stranded RNA genome
- Enveloped
- Glycoproteins (HA and NA)
- HA and NA
Influenza Virus Classification
- Influenza A
- Epidemics and pandemics in humans
- Infects pigs, birds, and marine mammals.
- Influenza B
- Infects humans only.
- Rare epidemics (in children and the elderly)
- Influenza C
- Infects humans and pigs.
- Does not cause epidemics; infections are rare.
Genes and their Products
- PB1 (basic polymerase 1): RNA transcriptase
- PB2 (basic polymerase 2): Cap binding, endonucleolytic cleavage
- PA (acidic polymerase):
- Hemagglutinin: Viral attachment to cell membranes, membrane fusion
- Neuraminidase: Cleaves sialic acids on cell surfaces, facilitating virus release.
Genes and their Products (Continued)
- NP (nucleoprotein): RNA capsid formation, transcription, replication regulation
- M (matrix) protein: Viral envelope, nuclear transport
- M2: Only in Influenza A; ion channel, essential for viral uncoating
- NS1: Interferon type 1 antagonist, regulates mRNA transport
Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Viral antigenic site.
- The site where the virus binds to host cells.
- Trimer (three HA polypeptide chains)
- Spherical
- Enveloped
- Matrix protein
- Membrane proteins
- Nucleocapsid
- 8-ssRNAs
Neuraminidase (NA)
- Sialic acid-containing glycoprotein (gp).
- Crucial for releasing viruses from infected cells.
- Tetramer structure (four NA polypeptide chains)
Influenza A
- Classified by surface proteins.
- 18 HA subtypes, 11 NA subtypes.
- More than 130 known influenza subtype combinations.
Influenza Virus Nomenclature
- Example: A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2)
- Influenza type
- Year of isolation
- Geographic source
- Isolate number
- Hemagglutinin subtype
- Neuraminidase subtype
Antigenic Variation
- Influenza viruses frequently change antigenic characteristics.
- Antigenic drift and antigenic shift result in immune system evasion.
- Antigenic drift leads to minor changes in HA/NA
- Antigenic shift leads to major changes in HA/NA
Antigenic Drift
- Minor changes in HA or NA.
- Caused by point mutations.
- Results in new strains of the same type.
- Responsible for seasonal influenza outbreaks.
- Affects influenza types A, B, and C.
Antigenic Shift
- Major changes in HA or NA
- Caused by reassortment of viral RNA segments.
- Results in completely new influenza types.
- Causes pandemics(major worldwide outbreaks).
- Only seen in Influenza A
RNA Recombination
- Influenza viruses are known to undergo reassortment and recombination, resulting in new subtypes.
Influenza Pandemic
- Timeline of past influenza pandemics.
- Role of new subtypes in new pandemia
Influenza Transmission and Symptoms
- Transmission through droplets and airborne viruses.
- Symptoms: incubation (1-2 days), sudden onset fever, chills, muscle aches, weakness, loss of appetite, headache,
- Symptoms (Continued): dry cough, chest pain lasting up to a week, and sometimes cervical lymphadenopathy in children.
Influenza Complications
- Respiratory complications: Primary viral pneumonia, cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis, high mortality rate, secondary bacterial pneumonia.
- Non-respiratory complications: Myositis, cardiac complications, neurological complications, Reye syndrome (aspirin use)
Appropriate Transport
- Patient's name and ID on the sample container.
- Transport in an upright position.
- Cold chain conditions (+4°C)
- Within 48 hours (time needed to deliver to the lab).
- Proper collection forms.
Lab Diagnosis
- Live virus detection
- cell culture
- Post-inoculation identification
- CPE observation (microscopy)
- Hemmaglutination
- Immunofluorescence
- ELISA
- Molecular tests
- Conventional PCR
- Real-time PCR
- RT-PCR-ELISA
- Microarray
- Sequence analysis
Treatment
- Antivirals (targeting M2 ion channel protein)
- Amantadine and rimantadine
- Antivirals (targeting neuraminidase)
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza)
- Targeting viral particle release from infected cells
Prevention - Vaccination
- Split and subunit vaccines
- Trivalent vaccines
- Inf A subtype H1N1+H3N2+ B virus antigens
- Seasonal and potentially updated pandemic virus strains needed.
- Yearly vaccinations needed, for varying strains..
- Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV); intranasal administration
2024-2025 Influenza Vaccine Composition
- Specific influenza virus strains recommended.
- Different types of vaccines (injectable, etc.)
SGK Coverage (SGK-Turkey's Social Security Institutions)
- Specific groups are covered by this insurance;
- Individuals 65 and older.
- Residents of nursing homes.
- Pregnant women
- Specific chronic conditions (e.g. asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and immune deficiencies).
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Description
Bu test, Influenza virüslerinin RNA genomu, morfolojik yapıları ve işlevleri hakkında bilgi ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sorular, virüslerin farklı özellikleri ve pandemik olasılıkları üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Influenza ile ilgili temel kavramları öğrenmek için harika bir fırsat.
