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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of pandemic influenza?
What is a characteristic of pandemic influenza?
- Introduction of a new coronavirus strain
- Introduction of a new influenza B virus strain
- Introduction of a new influenza A virus strain (correct)
- Introduction of a new rhinovirus strain
What are the clinical symptoms associated with influenza virus infection?
What are the clinical symptoms associated with influenza virus infection?
- Gradual onset of low-grade fever, joint pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms
- Gradual onset of cough, runny nose, and fatigue
- Rapid onset of high fever, chills, myalgia, and respiratory symptoms (correct)
- Sudden onset of rash, sore throat, and headache
What are the potential respiratory complications of influenza viral pneumonia?
What are the potential respiratory complications of influenza viral pneumonia?
- Sore throat, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing
- Dyspnea, cyanosis, and death within 48 hours of symptom onset (correct)
- Runny nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion
- Cough, wheezing, and chest discomfort
What is a consequence of influenza viral infection on lung function?
What is a consequence of influenza viral infection on lung function?
What is the mechanism of genetic variation in influenza viruses that can lead to epidemics and pandemics?
What is the mechanism of genetic variation in influenza viruses that can lead to epidemics and pandemics?
Which protein serves as the viral attachment protein for influenza virus?
Which protein serves as the viral attachment protein for influenza virus?
Which bacterial pathogen is most commonly associated with severe illnesses and deaths during influenza viral infections?
Which bacterial pathogen is most commonly associated with severe illnesses and deaths during influenza viral infections?
What is the approximate diameter range of the influenza A/B virion?
What is the approximate diameter range of the influenza A/B virion?
Which proteins are used to differentiate influenza A from B or C viruses?
Which proteins are used to differentiate influenza A from B or C viruses?
What are the stages involved in influenza virus replication?
What are the stages involved in influenza virus replication?
Which viral protein serves as a proton pump?
Which viral protein serves as a proton pump?
Which antiviral drug is only effective against Influenza A and reduces systemic symptoms by 1-2 days?
Which antiviral drug is only effective against Influenza A and reduces systemic symptoms by 1-2 days?
What is the function of the Neuraminidase protein in Influenza virus?
What is the function of the Neuraminidase protein in Influenza virus?
Which antiviral drugs inhibit Influenza A and B by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of neuraminidase?
Which antiviral drugs inhibit Influenza A and B by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of neuraminidase?
Which type of interferons are produced by cells in response to viral infection?
Which type of interferons are produced by cells in response to viral infection?
What is the role of PA subunit in Influenza virus?
What is the role of PA subunit in Influenza virus?
What is the mechanism of action of Amantadine and rimantadine against Influenza virus?
What is the mechanism of action of Amantadine and rimantadine against Influenza virus?
Which type of influenza virus primarily infects pigs and cows?
Which type of influenza virus primarily infects pigs and cows?
What is the main reason for yearly vaccinations against influenza?
What is the main reason for yearly vaccinations against influenza?
Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic shift?
Which type of influenza virus undergoes antigenic shift?
What do inactivated subunit influenza vaccines contain?
What do inactivated subunit influenza vaccines contain?
What is the main difference between antigenic drift and shift?
What is the main difference between antigenic drift and shift?
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Study Notes
Influenza Virus Evolution and Vaccination
- Influenza C causes mild disease, while Influenza D primarily infects pigs and cows
- The 2009 pandemic originated from a type A H1N1 reassortant circulating in pigs
- Antigenic drift and shift refer to minor and major changes in HA and NA proteins, affecting antigenicity
- Antigenic drift occurs in both influenza A and B, while antigenic shift is exclusive to type A
- Yearly vaccinations are necessary due to antigenic drift, which can lead to epidemics and pandemics
- The inactivated subunit influenza vaccines contain extracts or purified HA and NA proteins from different strains
- Influenza A is zoonotic, with avian, human, and swine strains having 8 independent genomic segments
- Coinfection of swine cells allows for reassortment of segments, resulting in H1N1 influenza A capable of infecting humans
- Influenza B and C do not have a non-human host, so they do not undergo shift
- The 2019-2020 flu vaccine contained strains such as A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1) and A/HongKong/45/2019 (H3N2)
- The 2023-2024 flu vaccine in the U.S. will include strains like A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1) and B/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)
- Quadrivalent flu vaccines protect against four different influenza viruses: one H1N1 virus, one H3N2 virus, one B/Victoria virus, and one B/Yamagata virus
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