Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of inflammation?
Which of these definitions correctly describes acute inflammation?
Which of these definitions correctly describes acute inflammation?
What is a potential side effect of acute inflammation?
What is a potential side effect of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is known to trigger inflammation?
Which factor is known to trigger inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does chronic inflammation differ from acute inflammation?
How does chronic inflammation differ from acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term refers to inflammation that is specific and can be long-lasting?
Which term refers to inflammation that is specific and can be long-lasting?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main clinical sign of inflammation?
What is the main clinical sign of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily initiates the increase in C-reactive protein in response to inflammation?
What primarily initiates the increase in C-reactive protein in response to inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens during the process of leukocytosis in acute inflammation?
What happens during the process of leukocytosis in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors does NOT modify the outcome of acute inflammation?
Which of the following factors does NOT modify the outcome of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the cellular events in acute inflammation?
What is the primary function of the cellular events in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What leads to edema during acute inflammation?
What leads to edema during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the resolution of acute inflammation?
What defines the resolution of acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome when there is substantial tissue destruction from inflammation?
What is the outcome when there is substantial tissue destruction from inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes the term 'chronicity' in inflammation?
Which of the following accurately describes the term 'chronicity' in inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of chemical mediators during inflammation?
What is the role of chemical mediators during inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly describes vascular stasis in acute inflammation?
Which of the following correctly describes vascular stasis in acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of fibrinogen in inflammatory fluid exudate?
What is the significance of fibrinogen in inflammatory fluid exudate?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs during the arteriolar vasodilatation phase of inflammation?
What occurs during the arteriolar vasodilatation phase of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation?
What is a characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does acute inflammation affect lymphatic vessels?
How does acute inflammation affect lymphatic vessels?
Signup and view all the answers
What can result from the failure to completely remove fibrin during organization?
What can result from the failure to completely remove fibrin during organization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary result of increased vessel permeability during acute inflammation?
What is the primary result of increased vessel permeability during acute inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of inflammation is exemplified by the presence of bullae in mild burns?
Which type of inflammation is exemplified by the presence of bullae in mild burns?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the functions of inflammatory fluid exudate?
What is one of the functions of inflammatory fluid exudate?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines membranous inflammation?
What defines membranous inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process allows leukocytes to migrate to the site of infection?
Which process allows leukocytes to migrate to the site of infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome associated with a cellular exudate rich in red blood cells?
What is the outcome associated with a cellular exudate rich in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
In which situation would one most likely observe an adherent, dense, grey pseudo-membrane?
In which situation would one most likely observe an adherent, dense, grey pseudo-membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of inflammation is primarily driven by an immune reaction rich in eosinophils?
Which type of inflammation is primarily driven by an immune reaction rich in eosinophils?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of acute non-suppurative inflammation?
What is a potential consequence of acute non-suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic feature of a lung abscess?
What is a characteristic feature of a lung abscess?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is NOT typically found in pus?
Which component is NOT typically found in pus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the fate of a large abscess if it is not surgically incised?
What is the fate of a large abscess if it is not surgically incised?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic is associated with the pus that forms during cellulitis?
What characteristic is associated with the pus that forms during cellulitis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which bacteria is commonly associated with cellulitis?
Which bacteria is commonly associated with cellulitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an unusual characteristic of pus?
What is an unusual characteristic of pus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common site for carbuncles?
What is the most common site for carbuncles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process allows for the rapid spread of infection in cellulitis?
Which process allows for the rapid spread of infection in cellulitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines acute suppurative inflammation?
What defines acute suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organism is commonly associated with acute suppurative inflammation?
Which organism is commonly associated with acute suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of an abscess, which of the following statements is true?
In the context of an abscess, which of the following statements is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of pus formation during acute suppurative inflammation?
What is the primary cause of pus formation during acute suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of inflammation lacks pus formation?
Which type of inflammation lacks pus formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the central zone of necrosis in an abscess primarily composed of?
What is the central zone of necrosis in an abscess primarily composed of?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by a serous fluid exudate?
Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by a serous fluid exudate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of neutrophils in acute suppurative inflammation?
What is the role of neutrophils in acute suppurative inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Inflammation is a protective response to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and initiate tissue repair.
- Causes include infections, trauma, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions.
- Key intended learning outcomes include understanding the meaning of inflammation, factors triggering it, clinical signs, vascular and cellular events, advantages and side effects of acute inflammation, its outcome, differences between chronic inflammation (specific and non-specific), and types of granulomatous reactions.
Types of Inflammation
- Inflammation is categorized as acute or chronic based on duration.
- Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and short duration (days). Chronic inflammation is prolonged (months to years).
Acute Inflammation
- Cardinal signs (described by Celsus): Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain) and Functio laesa (loss of function)
- Vascular phase involves transient vasoconstriction (insignificant), arteriolar vasodilation increasing blood flow (redness/warmth), and increased vessel permeability leading to fluid exudate (edema/swelling). Vascular stasis is also observed.
- Cellular phase involves leukocyte recruitment, their function (ingesting, killing, and eliminating necrotic tissues or foreign substances), and their activated functions, including margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, and chemotaxis.
- Types of acute inflammation (suppurative/localized, non-suppurative/diffuse) include Suppurative (pus formation—abscess, cellulitis) and Non-suppurative (no pus—catarrhal, fibrinous, serous, membranous, allergic, haemorrhagic).
- Fate of acute inflammation can be resolution (tissue heals), scarring and fibrosis.
- Inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation if the injurious agent cannot be eliminated completely.
Chronic Inflammation
- Inflammation of prolonged duration.
- It arises from various causes: failure of defense mechanisms in resolving acute inflammation, or persistent and/or non-degradable antigens/infection (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, silica particles, autoimmune diseases).
- Main inflammatory cells are macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (sometimes eosinophils or mast cells).
- Macrophages undergo phagocytosis, formation of giant cells (foreign bodies, TB), and secrete cytokines and growth factors.
- T-helper lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells) play a critical role in chronic inflammation.
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells), tissue repair by fibrosis, and thick-walled blood vessels.
Granuloma
- Granulomas are nodular aggregates of macrophages with variable lymphocyte, plasma cell, and sometimes giant cell mix.
- Macrophages transform into epithelioid cells and giant cells.
- Central necrosis may be present (e.g., caseous necrosis in tuberculosis).
- Examples of granulomatous lesions (pathological conditions caused by granulomas) are tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, and sarcoidosis.
- Granuloma formation is stimulated by chronic inflammation with persistent/non-degradable antigens.
Fate of Granuloma
- Granulomas may persist for a long time.
- They may slowly resolve and disappear.
- Granulomas can transform into fibrosis/tissue scarring.
- Granulomas can coalesce and damage surrounding tissues, causing cavities with necrotic material.
Conclusion
- Inflammation is a complex response to injury and is crucial for tissue repair.
- Both acute and chronic inflammation have different characteristics and outcomes with specific cells involved.
- Understanding the different types of inflammation and their processes can assist in diagnosis and treatment.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the nature of inflammation with this quiz. It covers key definitions, causes, and differences between acute and chronic inflammation. Discover the main clinical signs and potential side effects that accompany inflammation.
