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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of inflammation?
What leads to the redness observed during inflammation?
What is the main cause of pain during inflammation?
Which component is responsible for the swelling in inflammation?
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What is the main mechanism responsible for leukocytes extravasation during inflammation?
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What leads to the loss of function observed during inflammation?
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What is the function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
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What role does fibrinogen play in the inflammatory response?
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Which process involves leukocytes passing through gaps between intact endothelium?
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What is the main mechanism by which leukocytes become immobilized on endothelial cells?
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What is the role of Neutrophils in inflammation?
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What is the main function of Eosinophils in the body?
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What is the primary function of Lymphocytes in the context of inflammation?
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What is the significance of Harmful effects of inflammation?
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What is the primary purpose of opsonization in the immune response?
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Which statement best defines chemical mediators in the context of inflammation?
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What is the main function of the membrane attack complex formed by C5b binding to C6-C9?
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What is the main role of opsonization in the immune response?
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Which complement proteins act as chemoattractants for leukocytes during inflammation?
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Which characteristic is typically observed in chronic inflammation at a microscopic level?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective immune-vascular response that is a reaction of living tissue against injury.
- Causes of inflammation include infectious agents, immunological responses, tissue necrosis, chemical and physical agents, and nutritional factors.
- Components of inflammation include the cause, immune cells, blood vessels, and chemical mediators.
- The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the cause, clear necrotic cells, and initiate repair.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness: caused by vasodilatation
- Swelling: caused by inflammatory fluid exudate (edema fluid)
- Pain: caused by irritation of nerve endings by toxins and chemical mediators or compression by the exudate
- Loss of function
- Fever: caused by the release of chemical mediators
- Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs)
Leukocyte Extravasation
- Chemo-attraction: recognition of pathogens by leukocytes, resulting in the release of IL-1, TNF-α, and endothelial cells expressing E and P selectins
- Rolling: carbohydrate ligands on leukocyte surfaces bind to selectins, causing rolling
- Adhesion: activation of integrin molecules on the surface of rolling leukocytes, leading to tight binding to receptors in endothelial cells and immobilization of leukocytes
- Transmigration: leukocytes pass through gaps between intact endothelial cells, facilitated by pseudopodia and proteolytic digestion of the basement membrane
Neutrophils
- Function: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms using ROS and lysosomes
- Dilution of toxins
- Fibrinogen forms a network of fibrin threads, causing localization of infection and facilitating the movement of leukocytes
Antibody Functions
- Neutralization: blocking of antigen receptors
- Opsonization: coating of microorganisms to facilitate phagocytosis
- Agglutination: clumping of microorganisms to prevent spread
- Antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity: activation of NK cells
- Activation of complement: phagocytosis, cell lysis, and inflammation
Complement
- A part of the immune system consisting of a number of small proteins formed in the liver and circulating in an inactive form
- Functions: cell lysis, inflammation, and opsonization
- Mechanism: stimulated by antigen-antibody or bacteria, works by cleavage of specific protein parts, release of cytokines, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex
Phagocytosis
- Engulfing of foreign bodies, such as bacteria and debris, by neutrophils and macrophages
- Functions: cleaning and clearing the area of inflammation for repair
- Factors that help phagocytosis: opsonins, complement, fibrin, and mild fever
- Steps of phagocytosis: chemotaxis, adherence of microbe to phagocytes, ingestion, phagosome formation, fusion of phagosome with a lysosome, digestion by enzymes, and discharge of waste materials
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration (few days), toxemia present, and microscopically characterized by neutrophils and macrophages, with numerous, thin-walled, dilated, and blood-filled vessels
- Chronic inflammation: gradual onset, long duration (months or years), toxemia absent, and microscopically characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, and fibroblasts, with less numerous, thick-walled vessels showing angiogenesis or endarteritis obliterans
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Description
Test your knowledge on inflammation by learning about its definition, vascular phenomenon, acute vs. chronic comparison, leukocytes extravasation, and disease study components like causes and complications.
