Inflammation Study Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of inflammation?

To induce cell necrosis

To cause tissue damage

To initiate repair (correct)

To prevent injury

What leads to the redness observed during inflammation?

Vasoconstriction

Histamine release (correct)

Slowing of circulation

Hemoconcentration

What is the main cause of pain during inflammation?

Direct action of toxins on blood vessels (correct)

Clearing necrotic cells

Initiating repair processes

Slowing of circulation

Which component is responsible for the swelling in inflammation?

Inflammatory fluid exudate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism responsible for leukocytes extravasation during inflammation?

Diapedesis through intact vessels Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the loss of function observed during inflammation?

Swelling of endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

Phagocytosis and killing microbes Signup and view all the answers

What role does fibrinogen play in the inflammatory response?

Forming a fibrin network for localizing infection Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves leukocytes passing through gaps between intact endothelium?

Transmigration Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which leukocytes become immobilized on endothelial cells?

Adhesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Neutrophils in inflammation?

Produce proteolytic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Eosinophils in the body?

Cause parasitic inflammation and allergy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Lymphocytes in the context of inflammation?

Contribute to chronic and viral inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Harmful effects of inflammation?

Swelling with obstructions and loss of functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of opsonization in the immune response?

To enhance phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines chemical mediators in the context of inflammation?

They are molecules that mediate the vascular and cellular events of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the membrane attack complex formed by C5b binding to C6-C9?

Cell lysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of opsonization in the immune response?

Promoting phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which complement proteins act as chemoattractants for leukocytes during inflammation?

C3a and C5a Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typically observed in chronic inflammation at a microscopic level?

Endarteritis obliterans Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective immune-vascular response that is a reaction of living tissue against injury.
Causes of inflammation include infectious agents, immunological responses, tissue necrosis, chemical and physical agents, and nutritional factors.
Components of inflammation include the cause, immune cells, blood vessels, and chemical mediators.
The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the cause, clear necrotic cells, and initiate repair.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness: caused by vasodilatation
Swelling: caused by inflammatory fluid exudate (edema fluid)
Pain: caused by irritation of nerve endings by toxins and chemical mediators or compression by the exudate
Loss of function
Fever: caused by the release of chemical mediators
Leukocytosis: an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBCs)

Leukocyte Extravasation

Chemo-attraction: recognition of pathogens by leukocytes, resulting in the release of IL-1, TNF-α, and endothelial cells expressing E and P selectins
Rolling: carbohydrate ligands on leukocyte surfaces bind to selectins, causing rolling
Adhesion: activation of integrin molecules on the surface of rolling leukocytes, leading to tight binding to receptors in endothelial cells and immobilization of leukocytes
Transmigration: leukocytes pass through gaps between intact endothelial cells, facilitated by pseudopodia and proteolytic digestion of the basement membrane

Neutrophils

Function: phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms using ROS and lysosomes
Dilution of toxins
Fibrinogen forms a network of fibrin threads, causing localization of infection and facilitating the movement of leukocytes

Antibody Functions

Neutralization: blocking of antigen receptors
Opsonization: coating of microorganisms to facilitate phagocytosis
Agglutination: clumping of microorganisms to prevent spread
Antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity: activation of NK cells
Activation of complement: phagocytosis, cell lysis, and inflammation

Complement

A part of the immune system consisting of a number of small proteins formed in the liver and circulating in an inactive form
Functions: cell lysis, inflammation, and opsonization
Mechanism: stimulated by antigen-antibody or bacteria, works by cleavage of specific protein parts, release of cytokines, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex

Phagocytosis

Engulfing of foreign bodies, such as bacteria and debris, by neutrophils and macrophages
Functions: cleaning and clearing the area of inflammation for repair
Factors that help phagocytosis: opsonins, complement, fibrin, and mild fever
Steps of phagocytosis: chemotaxis, adherence of microbe to phagocytes, ingestion, phagosome formation, fusion of phagosome with a lysosome, digestion by enzymes, and discharge of waste materials

Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration (few days), toxemia present, and microscopically characterized by neutrophils and macrophages, with numerous, thin-walled, dilated, and blood-filled vessels
Chronic inflammation: gradual onset, long duration (months or years), toxemia absent, and microscopically characterized by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, and fibroblasts, with less numerous, thick-walled vessels showing angiogenesis or endarteritis obliterans

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Description

Test your knowledge on inflammation by learning about its definition, vascular phenomenon, acute vs. chronic comparison, leukocytes extravasation, and disease study components like causes and complications.