Inflammation

What are the sections of defense in the immune system? what does each line contain?

First line: non specific immune response that has physical barriers, chemical barriers, and genetic barriers Second line: innate response thats mostly nonspecific that has phagocytosis, inflammation, fever,interferon, co,plement Third line: acquired specific immunity with memory. Has T cell, B cell, antibodies

what is inflammation?

protection response that involves vascularized tissues that attempt to restore homeostasis. It brings cells & molevules from circulation to where they are needed and they respond noncpecifically. It involves many cell such as leukocytes and proteins.

what are the causes of inflammation?

infection: from any microbe such as a bacteria, fungal,virus, mircobial toxin tissue necrosis: ischemia, trauma, infarction. physical and chemical injury foreign bodies: splinters, dirt, sutures, medical devices immune reactions: hypersensitivty also rarely neoplasms

Inflammation Steps?

Inflammation is an organized procoess. step 1: recognition by receptors and proteins of a noxious agent. Cytokines & other mediators activate endothelial cells are site of infection and cause migration step 2: recruitment of leukocytes & plasma proteins to tissues by chemical stimulus step 3: removal of stimulus by phagocytic cells step 4: repair heals damage Signup and view all the answers

what are mast cells?

cells that trigger local inflammatory reactions and allergic symptoms. They are nonmotile and have an affinity for IgE which binds to the cells. They release chemical mediators. They are located connective tissue around blood vessels, nerves, epithelia. Signup and view all the answers

what is a cytokine and its role in inflammation?

a cytokine is a chemical mediator that activartes endothelial cells at the sight of infection. It stimulates the binding of leukocytes to endothelium and brings more cells. Signup and view all the answers

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Rubor (redness): from increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissue Calor (warmth): heat given off from blood flow tumor (swelling): from increased extracellular fluid under the tissue dalor (pain): stimulation of nerve endings from pressure of swelling or by chemical mediators loss of function: the longer it lasts the most damage is done Signup and view all the answers

What is acute inflammation?

Occurs all of a sudden and is a rapid response to infections & tissue damage. It develops in hours-minutes and can last hours to days. It has edema, migration of leukocytes (neutrophils), mild & self limited. It also cayses blood vessel dilution leading to increased flow and microvasculature to allow plasma proteins & leukocytes to leave circulation. It is caused by acute respiratory distress, asthma, septic shock. Chemostatic factors attract red blood cells to the site of injury. Signup and view all the answers

what are the vasoactive mediators?

histamine: made by mast cells & basophils. Causes vasodilation and mucus production serotonin: causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability by acting as a neurotransmitter to inhibit gastric mucosa secretion. It is made by platelets and intestinal cells bradykinin: increases vascular permeability, mucus production, pain, it is a vasoactive amine. It stimulates smooth muscle contraction. It is made by blood and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

what are the inflammatory Mediators?

Prostaglandins: stimulates inflammation and pain. made by body cells Leukotrienes: constricts airways by stimulating contraction of smooth muscleand enhancing vascular permeability Platelet-activating factor: aggregation of platelets & releases chemical mediators during allergic reactions. Made by basophils Signup and view all the answers

what is chronic inflammation?

follows acute inflammation or arise de novo. It takes a longer time to gortm but cause more tissue destruction. It causes proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, local and systemic signs. The lymphocytes and macrophages present as mononuclear bodies.. tissue injury and repair occur at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the termination of inflammation?

It is when the offending agent is eliminated when the mediators are broken down and dissipated. anti-inflammatory mechanisms are activated to control the response and prevent damage to the host. regenration and scarring are used to repair tissue. Signup and view all the answers

what is the C-reactive protein (CRP)?

a pattern recognition receptor that indicates inflammation early on. It is nonspecific and doesn't show what the reason for inflammation is. It is a large protein in the blood that id made in the liver. It responds to cytokines made by macrophages during infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

a hematology test that indicates & monitors the increased inflammatory activity caused by certain conditions. it is taken from the patients peripheral blood, when the WBC settle quick it means inflammation. Thr condition include autoimmune disease and infectious tumors Signup and view all the answers

What are inflammatory myopathies and the different types?

rare diseases that involve chronic muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and muscle pain Polymyositis: affects skeletal muscle on both sides of body Dermatomyositis: causes progressive muscle weakness Inclusion body myositis: slow progressive muscle weakness & shrinking with loss of muscles necrotizing autoimmune myopathy: ,uscle weakness in upper & lower body Signup and view all the answers