Infections and Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common complication associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

Scarlet fever

Arthritis

Deafness

Pneumonia (correct)

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Rubella?

Rash from head to toe

High fever (correct)

Conjunctivitis

Lymphadenopathy

What is the primary method for preventing Scarlet Fever caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Hand hygiene

Immune boosting supplements

Antibiotics

Vaccination (correct)

What is the incubation period for Rubella?

10-20 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of Whooping Cough caused by Bordetella Pertussis?

Continuous stridor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Whooping Cough?

Airborne respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most characteristic of Scarlet Fever?

Rash with a sandpaper texture Signup and view all the answers

What serious complication can arise from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in children?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign of Rubella infection?

Enlarged lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically associated with Measles?

Koplik spots in the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Whooping Cough?

4 to 21 days Signup and view all the answers

In children, what complication can arise from Scarlet Fever if untreated?

Acute rheumatic fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a key preventive measure against Measles in childhood?

Routine vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Measles?

Droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication associated with Mumps?

Cerebellar ataxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Infective Mononucleosis?

4-7 weeks Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is parotitis a significant symptom?

Mumps Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare complication of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)?

Flaccid paralysis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely to occur in a patient with Mumps?

Hepatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for Infective Mononucleosis?

Symptom relief Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Common Viral and Bacterial Diseases of Childhood

Learning Objectives:
- Understand how common viral infections affect the systemic system and oral cavity in children.
- Describe mechanisms, signs, and symptoms of common viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases in children.
- Gain clinical knowledge of systemic effects and treatments for viral infections.
- Be aware of childhood vaccination schedules.

Viral Diseases of Children

Viral Diseases Covered in Plenary:
- Influenza
- Common Cold
- COVID-19
- HPV

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

AKA: Cold sores
Transmission: Contact with herpetic lesions, oral or genital secretions; in children, this can indicate potential abuse.
Incubation: 2-12 days
Signs & Symptoms (initial infection): Mild fever, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, painful sores/blisters in the mouth. This is followed by recurrent sores.
Treatment: Acyclovir (oral) based on symptoms
Prevention: Avoid contact with infected individuals; reschedule appointments for patients with active lesions.
Complications: Immunodeficiencies may cause severe symptoms and frequent recurrence. Rare cases of meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, and keratitis; severe neurological issues in neonates are possible.

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Transmission: Direct contact, broken blisters, airborne droplets.
Incubation: 10-20 days
Signs & Symptoms: Rash (initially on face, scalp, and back; spreads), itching, oral blisters that may ulcerate. Possible mild fever.
Treatment: Calamine lotion, antipyretics, acyclovir (severe cases); topical treatment of mouth lesions.
Prevention: Avoid contact; vaccination.
Complications: Bacterial skin infections, scarring, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, possibly Reye's syndrome.

Shingles

No further details provided

Infectious Mononucleosis

AKA: Glandular fever, kissing disease.
Transmission: Infected saliva, most common in teenagers.
Incubation: 4-7 weeks
Signs & Symptoms: Sore throat, swollen tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, possible mild rash, especially if taking amoxicillin. Enlarged spleen and liver are possible.
Treatment: Symptom relief; antipyretics; fluid intake.
Prevention: Avoid contact with infected individuals.
Complications: Enlarged spleen and liver, lymphoma, prolonged fatigue and malaise.
Mechanism: Infects B lymphocytes; cytotoxic T cells respond (CD8-positive)

Epidemic Parotitis (Mumps)

AKA: Mumps
Transmission: Droplets and secretions
Incubation: 15-25 days
Signs & Symptoms: Painful swelling of salivary glands (typically parotid); myalgia, anorexia, malaise, low-grade fever
more serious if orchitis occurs
Treatment: Relieving symptoms
Prevention: Vaccination
Complications: Orchitis (males), sterility (males), pancreatitis, facial paralysis, deafness, cerebellar ataxia, polyneuritis, meningoencephalitis, other systemic inflammations.

Enteroviral Vesicular Stomatitis

AKA: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)
Transmission: Droplets and feces (in later stages).
Incubation: 6 days
Signs & Symptoms: Fever; sore throat; malaise; loss of appetite; followed by sores in the mouth and on hands and feet.
Treatment: Relieving symptoms; fluids
Prevention: Avoid contact with infected individuals; good hand hygiene; surface disinfecting.
Complications: Rare cases of viral meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, and fingernail/toenails loss.

Measles (Rubeola)

AKA: Rubeola, English Measles, Red measles
Transmission: Droplets
Incubation: 10-12 days
Signs & Symptoms: Fever, conjunctivitis, swollen lymph nodes, loss of appetite, Koplik's spots (white spots in the mouth)
Treatment: Symptom relief; antibiotics (if secondary bacterial infection)
Prevention: Vaccination
Complications: Otitis media, pneumonia, croup, convulsions, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing encephalitis, death.

Rubella

AKA: German measles
Transmission: Direct contact or droplets
Incubation: 10-20 days
Signs & Symptoms: Possible asymptomatic; rash; swollen lymph nodes; malaise; headache; conjunctivitis; itching. Forchheimer's spots (20% patients, prodromal)
Treatment: Symptom management
Prevention: Vaccination
Complications: Arthralgia, arthritis, encephalitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, congenital rubella syndrome in neonates, deafness.

Similar intraoral signs (for Rubeola, Rubella, and Roseola infantum)

Different intraoral signs associated with each of these illnesses are listed.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

AKA: RSV
Transmission: Droplets, direct contact, fomites
Incubation: 2-8 days (3-5 days)
Signs & Symptoms: Nasal congestion; runny nose; sneezing; fatigue; mild fever. More serious cases may include protracted apnea, loss of appetite, difficulty breathing, chest wall retractions, and conjunctivitis.
Treatment: Hospitalization, fluids; erythromycin; maintaining airway.
Prevention: Vaccination (for certain groups)
Complications: Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, respiratory failure, bacterial pneumonia, lung hyperinflation and atelectasis, acute otitis media.

Scarlet Fever (Streptococcal pyogenes)

AKA: Scarlatina
Transmission: Normal oral flora; associated with pharyngitis. Droplets
Incubation: 12-72 hours
Signs & Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, rash/strawberry tongue. fine red sandpaper rash
Treatment: Antipyretics; antibiotics (penicillin).
Prevention: Long term antibiotics (for high risk patients)
Complications: otitis media, sinusitis, peritonsillar abscesses, pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, rheumatic fever, acute renal failure.

Whooping Cough (Bordetella pertussis)

AKA: Pertussis
Transmission: Droplets or direct contact.
Incubation: 7-10 days
Signs & Symptoms: Similar to a common cold, with high fever, rapid breathing; malaise; dry cough (which worsens and may progress into paroxysms); dry cough that might last more than one minute; extreme anxiety; vomiting. (Paroxysmal cough may not be present in infants)
Treatment: Hospitalization; fluids; erythromycin; airway maintenance
Prevention: Vaccination
Complications: Pneumonia; bronchiolitis; convulsions; atelectasis; otitis media; weight loss and dehydration; hernia; prolapsed rectum; encephalopathy; life-threatening issues in newborns.

Dermatophytosis

AKA: Tinea, dermatomycosis, ringworm
Transmission: Contact with infected soil or animals.
Types: Scalp (tinea capitis); body (tinea corporis); feet (tinea pedis); face (tinea faciei).
Signs & Symptoms: Round ring-shaped lesion; raised red edge; spreading lesion; may blister and ooze; possible hair loss/baldness; lymph node swelling.
Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, antifungal creams, iodine shampoos; and oral griseofulvin.
Prevention: Check pets frequently; avoid sharing personal hygiene items; handwashing.

Meningitis

Cause: Bacteria (e.g., meningococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, Group B strep), viruses, fungi, parasites.
Transmission: Respiratory secretions or droplets.
Types: Viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitical, other causes
Signs & Symptoms: Stiff neck, fever; vomiting; headache; (possible) rash; unresponsiveness or drowsiness; seizures; altered mental status; arching back (in infants).
Treatment: Lumbar puncture; antibiotics (bacterial); respiratory support, blood pressure control, wound care (surgery).
Avoiding contact with infected individuals and prophylactic antibiotics help prevent spread
Prevention: Vaccination;
Complications: Limb loss; deafness; nervous system issues; brain damage.

Sepsis

Transmission: Not contagious. Evolves from ongoing infection
Risk Factors: Babies <1 (especially premature); elderly; diabetes; immunocompromised; after major surgery; recovering from serious illness; recent childbirth.
Signs & Symptoms: Affected skin may be pale, blotchy, and/or blue; difficulty breathing; weak, high-pitched cry; abnormal response; loss of appetite; lack of urination; vomiting, fever.
Treatment: Hospitalization (ICU admission); ventilation; removing infected areas; antibiotics; treating blood pressure and wounds
Prevention: Vaccination; clean and address wounds; take antibiotics as prescribed; good handwashing.
Complications: Septic shock; organ failure; gangrene; brain damage; lung damage.

Additional information (Children/Adults)

Warnings: Recognizing sepsis symptoms in children and adults

Additional Immunizations

HPV
dT/IPV
MenACWY vaccines (Teenage booster)

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Description

Test your knowledge on common infectious diseases and their associated symptoms. This quiz covers Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Rubella, Scarlet Fever, and Whooping Cough, focusing on their complications, symptoms, prevention methods, and incubation periods. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these conditions!