Individualism, Collectivism & Pronoun Usage Trends

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Questions and Answers

According to research, how are individualism and collectivism viewed by researchers despite variations?

They are regarded as genuine cultural variables. (correct)
They are considered fluid constructs without clear definition.
They are understood as purely individual psychological traits.
They are seen as outdated concepts with minimal relevance.

What trend does the Google Books Ngram Viewer reveal about cultural shifts in the United States?

A decreased emphasis on individualistic language.
A balanced usage of individualistic and collectivistic language.
A growing emphasis on individualistic language. (correct)
A growing emphasis on collectivistic language.

According to the Google Books Ngram Viewer data, which of the following word usage trends was observed in books published in the United States in the 2000s compared to previous decades?

Increased use of 'get' and decreased use of 'give'. (correct)
Increased use of 'give' and decreased use of 'get'.
Decreased use of 'I', 'me' and 'you'.
Increased use of 'we' and 'us'.

Based on the provided figure about pronoun usage trends, which pronoun category showed a relative increase in usage in books published in the US between 1960 and 2008?

'I', 'me', 'my', 'mine', 'myself' (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the shift in pronoun usage (I, me, you more; we, us less) in books suggest about cultural changes in the United States?

A shift towards greater self-focus and individual expression. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How can a researcher use the Google Books Ngram Viewer to analyze cultural shifts related to individualism and collectivism?

By analyzing the usage trends of words and phrases associated with individualism and collectivism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher found that the use of collective pronouns (we, us, our) significantly increased in books published after 2010, what might this indicate?

A resurgence of collectivistic values and social cohesion. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the trends identified by Twenge et al. (2013) and Greenfield (2013), what broader societal change might these linguistic shifts reflect?

Increased emphasis on personal autonomy and individual pursuits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to research by Gilbert and Wilson, how do people typically perceive the impact of a significant negative event on their long-term happiness?

They overpredict the enduring misery that the event will cause. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Schkade and Kahneman suggest that when individuals focus on a specific aspect of a situation, they tend to:

Overestimate the impact relative to other factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason Wilson and Gilbert cite for why people adapt to negative events more readily than they anticipate?

An underestimation of the speed and strength of their own coping mechanisms. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Gilbert and colleagues, which type of event is potentially less enduringly distressing and why?

Major negative events, because they activate psychological defenses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that human beings are generally:

Remarkably resilient. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition does the text specify under which self-perceptions are most likely to be accurate?

When the causes of behavior are clear and align with intuition. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the accuracy of our intuitions regarding our emotional reactions and behaviors?

Our intuitions are frequently incorrect. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If someone loses the use of their non-dominant hand, how might they misjudge their future happiness according to Gilbert and Wilson?

By overemphasizing the negative impact of the loss on their life. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of praise is most effective for encouraging someone?

Specific praise linked to actual abilities and performance. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the surprising result of the study where struggling students were told to feel good about themselves?

They performed significantly worse on the final exam. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard Nisbett, how does collectivism influence cognitive processes?

It leads to a more holistic way of thinking, considering objects and people in relation to their environment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In studies involving animated underwater scenes, what key difference was observed between Japanese and American respondents?

Japanese respondents recalled significantly more background features and relationships compared to Americans. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why might boosting self-esteem in struggling students lead to negative academic outcomes?

It leads to overconfidence and reduced effort in studying. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A student who is struggling in a math class seeks advice. Based on the information, which approach would likely be MOST effective?

Providing specific feedback on areas for improvement and praising effort and progress. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did Japanese students differ from American students when evaluating the emotions of a child within a group?

Japanese students considered the facial expressions of the entire group when assessing the individual child's emotion. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What primary distinction was found in how American and Korean students perceive the purpose of language?

American students emphasized language as a tool for self-expression, whereas Korean students highlighted its function for communication with others. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the relationship between doing well at math and self-perception?

Doing well at math enhances self-perception, which then motivates further improvement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A teacher wants to motivate students after a challenging exam. According to the text, what strategy would be LEAST effective?

Offering general praise and emphasizing innate intelligence. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'chicken-and-egg' dilemma presented regarding culture and individual behavior?

If cultural phenomena create individual preferences or individual choices shape culture. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher aims to investigate cultural differences in cognitive focus using visual stimuli, which approach would align with findings by Chua, Boland, & Nisbett (2005)?

Using detailed landscape images and tracking eye movements to assess attention to focal objects versus background elements. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, which is the most likely reason why students in the self-esteem boost group performed poorly on the final exam?

The message caused them to overestimate their understanding, reducing their motivation to study. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How might a holistic thinker, influenced by East Asian cultural norms, approach a problem-solving task compared to someone from a Western culture?

By considering the broader context and interrelationships of various factors relevant to the problem. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How would the researchers likely advise a parent who wants to encourage their child who is struggling with a difficult task?

Offer specific praise for effort and improvement, focusing on concrete achievements. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A marketing team is designing an advertisement campaign targeted at both American and East-Asian consumers. Considering cultural differences in cognitive styles, what strategy would be most effective?

Highlight the product's benefits to the community and show individuals in relation to others for the East-Asian market, while focusing on individual benefits for the American market. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Kyoto temple story, what does the 'ordinary path' signify, and how does this contrast with a common American perspective?

The ordinary path symbolizes the correct and appropriate way, contrasting with the American inclination to seek less travelled paths. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the authors, what is a main limitation of psychological studies conducted to date, and how does this limitation influence the applicability of their findings?

Psychological research has been mostly based on middle-class white Americans, potentially limiting the universality of the findings. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do differing socio-cultural contexts impact an individual's psychological functioning, as suggested by the experiences of the authors?

Socio-cultural contexts can shape fundamental beliefs and practices about personhood and meaningful life, influencing psychological functioning. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does C.S. Lewis suggest about self-knowledge, and how is this perspective challenged by the research mentioned in the text?

C.S. Lewis claims that we possess unique insight into ourselves, but research indicates that our self-perception can be flawed. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How might a cross-cultural psychologist interpret the act of offering a guest a choice of beverage, based on the text?

As an act that may be unexpected or surprising in some cultures, due to differing expectations around hospitality and guest roles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason dating couples predict the longevity of their relationships through 'rose-colored glasses'?

Dating couples' judgment is likely clouded by their emotions, so they are not able to be objective about their chances of staying together. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme that connects the anecdote about the 'ordinary path' in Kyoto with the discussion of cultural influences on psychological functioning?

The idea that cultural context shapes perceptions of what is normal, desirable, and meaningful. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How should the ordinary path story be viewed as it relates to the field of psychology?

An example of how culture and the way of life of others affects decision making and human behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, how does social comparison impact an individual's satisfaction, even in seemingly personal experiences?

Social comparison can diminish satisfaction even when one is doing well, if others are perceived to be doing even better. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do external labels and judgments from others influence a child's self-concept and behavior, as suggested in the content?

Children readily internalize labels, integrating them into their self-concepts and aligning their behavior accordingly. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of minority students feeling threatened by negative stereotypes related to their academic abilities?

Disidentification with academic pursuits and a shift in interests to other areas. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does George Herbert Mead refine Charles H. Cooley's concept of the 'looking-glass self'?

By suggesting that our imagination of others' perceptions is more influential than their actual views. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals overestimate others' appraisals of them, leading to inflated self-images?

People tend to voice compliments more freely than criticisms, skewing perceptions of external appraisals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the primary distinction between individualistic and collectivistic cultures in relation to self-identity?

Individualistic cultures emphasize personal independence and self-reliance in defining identity, while collectivistic cultures prioritize social connections and group membership. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does self-esteem relate to an individual's perception of their traits in relation to societal values?

Self-esteem corresponds with how individuals see themselves on traits that they believe are valued by others. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about people's perceptions of their own physical attractiveness?

Individuals tend to see themselves as more physically attractive than they actually are. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Comparison

The process of comparing ourselves to others to evaluate our own abilities and opinions.

Looking-Glass Self

A concept describing how we form our self-concept through how we believe others perceive us.