Questions and Answers
What percentage of a cell is typically made up of water?
Water is a poor solvent for polar molecules.
False
What is the term for the attraction between different kinds of molecules?
adhesion
Water has a high heat of ______, which means it can absorb a significant amount of heat without a large increase in temperature.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following properties of water with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Humans can survive longer without food than without water.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic molecules?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of isomers have different arrangements around double bonds?
Signup and view all the answers
Enantiomers are superimposable mirror images of each other.
Signup and view all the answers
A mixture of a liquid and large suspended particles is called a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes to the high specific heat of water?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of syngamy?
Signup and view all the answers
The study of the history of organic matter includes the concept of __________, which suggested that life was driven by a vital force.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following functional groups with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of vascular tissue in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
All gametes are diploid cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two phases of a plant's life cycle in the alternation of generations?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ experiment demonstrated that complex organic molecules could form from simple inorganic molecules.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a type of macromolecule?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about carbohydrates is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Peptide bonds are specific to carbohydrates.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary structural level of proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of __________ involves the fusion of monomers or polymers.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of nucleic acids with their monomer:
Signup and view all the answers
Which molecule is primarily involved in energy storage in plants?
Signup and view all the answers
There are 20 different amino acids that can be combined in various ways to create proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most complex type of macromolecule?
Signup and view all the answers
The structural level of proteins where alpha helices and beta pleated sheets form is known as the __________ structure.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a major type of lipid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements correctly describes prokaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Signup and view all the answers
The genetic material in a cell that is organized into chromosomes is found in the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following cell components with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of DNA extraction?
Signup and view all the answers
Centifuges must be unbalanced to operate correctly.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bond forms between nucleotides in DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
In DNA, the strands run from ______ to ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about nucleotides is incorrect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of bond is formed during the dehydration synthesis of carbohydrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Lipids are characterized by a consistent structure across all types.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary structural level of proteins that refers to the sequence of amino acids?
Signup and view all the answers
The sugar component of nucleotides in DNA is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the term with its corresponding type of macromolecule:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about nucleotides is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
All living things are made up of cells according to the cell theory.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic distinguishes enantiomers from other isomers?
Signup and view all the answers
Cis-trans isomers have different arrangements around double bonds.
Signup and view all the answers
The process in which protein structure is altered due to external factors such as heat is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes the diploid stage of a plant's life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a long straight polysaccharide that gives plants structure?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of ______ results in the formation of gametes.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of functional groups with their characteristics:
Signup and view all the answers
Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What was the significance of Friedrich Wohler's experiment in the 1820s?
Signup and view all the answers
Vascular tissue in plants consists of xylem and phloem.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one function of the Golgi apparatus.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary function of __________ is to break down fatty acids and amino acids.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of cell with its characteristics.
Signup and view all the answers
A ______ exhibits characteristics of both being haploid and diploid in its life cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of organism would you typically expect to find composed of prokaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of plant lacks vascular tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
DNA can only be extracted from eukaryotic cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the directionality of DNA strands?
Signup and view all the answers
Centifuges must be __________ to separate materials effectively.
Signup and view all the answers
What role does ethyl alcohol play in DNA extraction?
Signup and view all the answers
What property of water explains its ability to moderate temperature?
Signup and view all the answers
Water is a good solvent for polar molecules.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process called when the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation?
Signup and view all the answers
A mixture of a liquid and large suspended particles is called a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following properties of water with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes a hydrophobic substance?
Signup and view all the answers
Human beings can survive for weeks without water.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bond is primarily formed in water due to its polar covalent bonds?
Signup and view all the answers
The study of carbon-containing molecules is known as _______ chemistry.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about isomers is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Water and its Importance
- All living organisms require water; cells consist of 70-95% water.
- Survival without food can last weeks, but only about one week without water.
- Approximately 75% of Earth's surface is covered in water, contributing to its habitability.
- Water has two polar covalent bonds, facilitating hydrogen bond formation.
Emergent Properties of Water
- Cohesion: Attraction between like molecules; responsible for surface tension.
- Adhesion: Attraction between different kinds of molecules; plays a role in transpiration.
- Temperature Moderation: Water's high specific heat allows it to absorb and retain heat.
- Heat of Vaporization: High heat required to convert liquid water to gas; prevents overheating.
- Evaporative Cooling: Surface cooling during evaporation, exemplified by sweating.
- Density of Ice: Ice, with a crystalline structure, is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.
- Solvent Properties: Water dissolves polar molecules, making it a good solvent.
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
- Carbon is essential for life, forming the backbone of biomolecules with capacity for four covalent bonds.
- Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon-containing molecules, ranging from simple (methane) to complex (proteins).
- Organic vs Inorganic: Organic compounds contain carbon covalently bonded (CHON), whereas inorganic lacks C-C or C-H bonds.
Hydrocarbons and Isomers
- Hydrocarbons consist of only hydrogen and carbon, varying by length, double bond position, branching, and rings.
-
Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures, including:
- Structural Isomers: Different connectivity.
- Cis-Trans Isomers: Different arrangements around double bonds (cis: same side, trans: opposite sides).
- Enantiomers: Mirror images that are non-superimposable, typically involving a carbon attached to four different groups.
History of Organic Matter Exploration
- Vitalism: The belief in a vital force unique to living organisms was debunked in the 1800s.
- Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea from inorganic compounds in the 1820s.
- The Miller Experiment in the 1950s demonstrated the chemical origins of life with the spontaneous formation of amino acids.
Plant Evolution
- Plant evolution follows this path: photosynthetic protists → algae → lower plants.
- Vascular plants contain structured systems (xylem & phloem) for nutrient and water transport.
Genetics Overview
- Haploid (1n): One set of chromosomes; Diploid (2n): Two sets of chromosomes.
- Mitosis: Asexual reproduction, producing two identical daughter cells; can be haploid or diploid.
- Meiosis: Prepares for sexual reproduction, leading to four non-identical haploid daughter cells.
Plant Genetics Structure
-
Gametophyte: Haploid plant phase generating gametes (sperm & eggs).
- Archegonium: Female structure producing eggs.
- Antheridium: Male structure producing sperm.
- Sporophyte: Diploid phase producing spores through meiosis.
Cell Structure and Types
- Cell Theory: Fundamental properties - all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise from other cells.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Generally smaller, simpler cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria and archaea).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Larger, complex cells with membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, and fungi.
Cellular Organelles and Functions
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and is membrane-bound.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; found in both cell types.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids; can be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without).
- Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and distributes proteins and lipids.
- Vesicles: Transport materials around the cell.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
- Nucleotides: Comprised of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G).
- DNA Directionality: Runs from 5' to 3'; nucleotide structure is crucial for replication and expression.
- DNA Extraction: Involves breaking cells, clearing debris, and isolating DNA through precipitative methods.
Macromolecules Overview
- Carbohydrates: Provide energy (sugars) and structure (cellulose).
- Proteins: Composed of 20 amino acids; complex structures with specific functions.
- Lipids: Diverse structures (e.g., fats, steroids) that repel water and form membranes.
- Nucleic Acids: Store genetic information and drive protein synthesis.
Enzymes and Their Functions
- Enzymes lower activation energy, boosting reaction rates; they are not consumed in reactions.
- Factors like heat and pH can denature proteins, altering their functional structure.
Summary of Plant Life Cycle
- Alternation of Generations: The cycle between gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) phases defines plant reproduction.
- This method supports genetic diversity and adaptation in plant species.
Water's Essential Role
- Cells contain 70-95% water, highlighting its importance in biological processes.
- Humans can survive weeks without food but only about one week without water.
- Earth's surface is about 75% water, contributing to its habitability.
- Water's molecular structure features two polar covalent bonds, enabling hydrogen bond formation.
Emergent Properties of Water
- Cohesion: Attraction between like molecules; responsible for surface tension.
- Adhesion: Attraction between different molecules; plays a role in transpiration.
- Temperature Moderation: Water can absorb significant heat due to high specific heat.
- Heat of Vaporization: Water requires a high amount of heat to change from liquid to vapor.
- Evaporative Cooling: Surface cooling occurs during evaporation, exemplified by sweating.
- Density of Ice: Ice's crystalline structure is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.
- Water is an excellent solvent, capable of dissolving polar molecules like NaCl.
Carbon: The Backbone of Life
- Carbon is crucial for biomolecules, with the ability to form up to four covalent bonds, accommodating diverse structures.
- Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds, which range from simple (methane) to complex (titin).
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
- Organic: Compounds featuring carbon covalently bonded to other elements (usually CHON).
- Inorganic: Compounds lacking C-C or C-H bonds, such as carbonates and oxides.
Hydrocarbons and Isomers
- Hydrocarbons are composed of only hydrogen and carbon, with variations in length, double bond positions, branching, and ring structures.
- Isomers: Molecules with the same formula but different structures; types include structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers.
History of Organic Thought
- Vitalism: The outdated belief in a life force distinct from chemical principles.
- Key milestones demonstrated organic synthesis from inorganic molecules, debunking spontaneous generation.
Plant Evolution
- Progression: photosynthetic protists → algae → lower plants.
- Classification: non-vascular vs. vascular, seedless vs. seeded, and flowering vs. non-flowering plants.
- Vascular plants have structured xylem and phloem for nutrient transport.
Genetics Overview
- Haploid (1n): One set of chromosomes.
- Diploid (2n): Two sets of chromosomes.
- Mitosis: Cell division yielding two identical daughter cells for asexual reproduction.
- Meiosis: Division resulting in four non-identical haploid daughter cells for sexual reproduction.
Plant Genetics
- Gametophyte: The haploid phase producing gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Sporophyte: The diploid phase producing haploid spores through meiosis.
Functional Groups and Macromolecules
- Functional Groups: Specific groupings of atoms influencing molecular behavior, such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH).
- Macromolecules: Include carbohydrates (energy and structure), proteins (complex functions), lipids (energy storage), and nucleic acids (genetic information).
Carbohydrates
- Comprise carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; typically in ring form.
- Monosaccharides: Single sugar units; polysaccharides: Long chains for storage and structure.
Proteins
- Comprised of amino acids; linked by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.
- Structural levels: primary (amino acid order), secondary (folding), tertiary (3D structure), quaternary (polypeptide interaction).
Lipids
- Defined by hydrophobic properties with no consistent structure.
- Types include steroids, fats (energy storage), and phospholipids (cell membranes).
Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.
- Comprised of nucleotides, with specific sequences dictating protein synthesis.
Cell Structure and History
- Cells are the basic unit of life; characterized by organelles.
- Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells; cells arise from existing cells.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic: Smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotic: Larger, complex with membrane-bound organelles, includes plants, animals, and fungi.
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, membrane-bound.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins; found in both cell types.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Modified proteins and synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and distributes proteins and lipids.
- Vesicles: Transport materials within the cell.
DNA Structure and Function
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA; consist of phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
- DNA strands run from 5' to 3', establishing directionality for replication and transcription.
DNA Extraction Process
- Involves lysis of cells, breakdown of components, and isolation of DNA.
- Commonly uses detergents for cell lysis and alcohol for DNA precipitation.
Centrifugation
- A technique to separate materials based on density, producing a pellet (dense) and supernatant (less dense) upon spinning.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the crucial role water plays in living organisms and its unique emergent properties. Topics include cohesion, adhesion, temperature moderation, and the significance of water in maintaining life on Earth. Test your knowledge on how water's characteristics support life and its various functions.
