Implicit Bias Overview and IAT Insights
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Questions and Answers

Which demographic group shows the strongest pro-white implicit bias according to age data?

  • Individuals aged 50-60
  • Individuals aged 60 and above (correct)
  • Individuals aged 30-40
  • Individuals aged 20 and below

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with implicit race bias variations?

  • Gender
  • Economic status (correct)
  • Education level
  • Political ideology

What impact does regional context have on implicit race bias?

  • It can shape bias significantly based on the immediate social situation. (correct)
  • It has no measurable effect on implicit race bias.
  • It is usually the sole factor determining individual bias.
  • It decreases implicit bias consistently across all demographics.

Which intervention has been shown to effectively reduce implicit race bias?

<p>Engaging in structured inter-group dialogues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend observed in societal implicit bias from 2007 to 2020?

<p>There has been a decrease in both racial and anti-gay bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of implicit bias as described in the context of social cognition?

<p>It influences judgments and behaviors without awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The implicit association test (IAT) aims to measure which aspect of human cognition?

<p>The speed and accuracy of implicit attitudes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a finding regarding implicit and explicit biases among racial groups?

<p>White Americans generally display an implicit pro-white bias relative to other groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes modern theories of racism from older ideologies?

<p>They examine implicit biases and automatic associations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences implicit attitudes, as discussed in the overview on implicit social cognition?

<p>Cultural narratives and historical context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of implicit bias as it relates to decision-making?

<p>It can occur without awareness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the implicit association test (IAT) primarily measure?

<p>The speed at which individuals respond to racial associations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes?

<p>Implicit attitudes can operate independently from explicit beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding racial biases among different groups?

<p>White Americans typically show an implicit pro-white bias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major disparity persists despite reductions in overt racial prejudice?

<p>Employment opportunities for Black Americans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between political ideology and implicit race bias?

<p>Conservatives generally display a stronger pro-white bias than liberals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor appears to be a primary driver of implicit bias within a social context?

<p>Regional living conditions and social situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options reflects a finding regarding age and implicit pro-white bias?

<p>Older individuals, especially those above 60, show a stronger pro-white bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general trend observed regarding racial bias in society from 2007 to 2020?

<p>Decrease in racial bias but stable anti-gay bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these interventions was found to be among the effective methods for reducing implicit race bias?

<p>Engaging in guided social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of stigma from health care professionals on patients with substance use disorders?

<p>Shorter visits and lower patient engagement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of interaction applies when a patient is a full participant in managing a chronic illness?

<p>Mutual participation model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly affects communication between physicians and patients?

<p>The patient's income level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do female physicians generally differ from male physicians in their approach to patient care?

<p>They tend to address concerns more empathetically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element in establishing trust within the doctor-patient relationship?

<p>Open and honest communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an identified consequence of mistrust in the healthcare system?

<p>Avoidance of the medical system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to disparities in the doctor-patient relationship between different educational backgrounds?

<p>Questions posed by patients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of model is most applicable when a patient has an acute infection and can co-operate with their physician?

<p>Guidance cooperation model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do class differences in medical seeking behavior often reveal about patient interaction?

<p>Education influences how patients present their needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is considered less important in doctor-patient relationships within marginalized groups compared to middle-class patients?

<p>Respect for cultural beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of stigma from healthcare providers on patients with substance use disorders?

<p>Lower empathy and shorter visits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which interaction model does the physician have the dominant role when a patient is seriously ill?

<p>Activity-passivity model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do class differences impact communication between physicians and patients?

<p>Higher-income patients ask more questions and receive more information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic behavior of female physicians compared to their male counterparts?

<p>They respond more to psychosocial needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of mistrust in the medical system?

<p>Heightened patient anxiety and avoidance of care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model allows the patient to fully participate in managing their chronic illness?

<p>Mutual participation model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in building trust within the doctor-patient relationship?

<p>Open and honest communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group often faces challenges in navigating the healthcare system due to cultural differences?

<p>Marginalized communities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception among seasoned clinicians regarding patients with substance use disorders?

<p>They are often viewed as manipulative or violent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary influence does the doctor-patient relationship have on health outcomes?

<p>It enhances patient satisfaction and compliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes gender identity from biological sex?

<p>Biological sex is assigned at birth, while gender identity is self-identified. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has NOT been identified as contributing to male mortality rates?

<p>Increased life expectancy post-WWII. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred around 1850 regarding gender and life expectancy?

<p>Women began to live longer than men. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do social processes impact gender identities?

<p>They interact with factors like class and ethnicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about male health behaviors?

<p>Men engage in more aggressive behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health issues lead to higher male mortality rates?

<p>Accidents and cancer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did WWII influence women's life expectancy?

<p>It increased women's migration into the workforce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to male inferiority in terms of life expectancy?

<p>Biological disadvantages and social psychological factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group is observed to have a higher risk of breast cancer?

<p>Women in higher status jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common health conditions show higher rates among women compared to men?

<p>High blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a leading cause of death for women?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a significant role in the health outcomes of marginalized identities?

<p>Social determinants of health (SDoH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes significantly to health disparities among LGBTQ individuals?

<p>Lack of research and cultural competency in healthcare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the mental health of LGBTQ individuals?

<p>Society's attitudes contribute to higher mental health issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of transgender individuals reported avoiding doctors due to fear of discrimination?

<p>22% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of increased mortality rates among lower educated non-Hispanic whites?

<p>Suicide and drug overdoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'heteronormative' refer to?

<p>Emphasis on heterosexual relationships and norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of LGBTQ people reported experiencing discrimination when accessing healthcare?

<p>16% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for higher male mortality rates compared to females?

<p>Biological disadvantages and risky health behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant trend regarding life expectancy began around the 1980s?

<p>The gender gap in life expectancy began to narrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gender identities typically emerge in society?

<p>As a product of specific social contexts and processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are implicated in contributing to both male and female mortality rates?

<p>Stress from competitive environments and lifestyle choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health condition is listed as a leading cause of death for males at all ages?

<p>Heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is an accurate representation of the intersectionality of gender?

<p>Gender overlaps with other social categories, such as class and ethnicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal change during WWII contributed to shifts in life expectancy?

<p>Migration of women into the labor force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures a misconception about male health behaviors?

<p>Men are statistically more likely to engage in risky health behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is associated with the increased risk of breast cancer among women in higher status jobs compared to those in lower status jobs?

<p>Higher stress levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of women is less likely to report acute illness based on gender differences in morbidity?

<p>Women in lower status jobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason for higher instances of mental health issues among LGBT people?

<p>Societal attitudes and prejudices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death among women overall?

<p>Heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT intersect with gender and sexual orientation when considering social determinants of health?

<p>Lifestyle choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of LGBTQ individuals report experiencing discrimination in healthcare settings?

<p>16% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mortality trends, what has significantly increased among lower educated non-Hispanic whites?

<p>Rates of substance use and suicide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching concept helps to explain the compounded health risks among marginalized identities?

<p>Intersectionality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of healthcare service access poses the biggest challenge for transgender individuals?

<p>Fear of discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is NOT listed among the leading causes of death for men?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of how race is perceived in society?

<p>It emerged from social and historical processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethnicity differ from race?

<p>Ethnicity refers to cultural practices and heritage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups has a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with aggressive breast cancer forms?

<p>Black women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition shows higher mortality rates among non-Hispanic whites compared to other groups?

<p>COPD and respiratory diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disparity exists regarding pain management for black patients compared to white patients?

<p>Black patients are less likely to be prescribed narcotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the experience of depression among black individuals compared to white individuals?

<p>Black individuals exhibit lower rates of current and lifetime depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception regarding black individuals in pain management settings?

<p>They have a heightened pain threshold. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic trend is observed among nonelderly Hispanics in the U.S.?

<p>They are more likely to be poor compared to the general population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the leading causes of death for Hispanic individuals outside of COVID-19?

<p>Stroke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major health disparity is observed among Asian American women?

<p>Lower cancer screening rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the health disparities resulting from social, economic, and political marginalization experienced by Blacks in the US?

<p>Weathering hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to health disparities among Asian Americans?

<p>High cultural assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event involved the unethical treatment of 600 Black men under the guise of 'bad blood'?

<p>Tuskegee syphilis study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological impact can chronic stress have on ethnic minority groups?

<p>Poor overall mental health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to racially or ethnically targeted events that lead to increased adverse health outcomes?

<p>Peripheral trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which demographic is chronic liver disease one of the leading causes of death?

<p>Native Americans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one contributing factor to the health disparities faced by Hispanic populations?

<p>Fear of deportation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What longstanding issue in healthcare has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic?

<p>Racial health disparities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the definition of race?

<p>Race has a clear scientific basis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes ethnicity different from race?

<p>Everyone belongs to an ethnic group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which health condition does NOT show higher mortality rates among African Americans?

<p>COPD and respiratory diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement is true regarding the treatment of pain management in Black individuals?

<p>They face disparities in prescription rates for narcotic pain medications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health conditions is disproportionately common in both Black and Hispanic women diagnosed with breast cancer?

<p>Triple negative tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to disparities in the experience of major depression between Black and white individuals?

<p>Blacks are less likely to receive any mental health treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and the Hispanic population in the US?

<p>Many nonelderly Hispanics are part of a working family but may live in poverty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assertion about the health disparities faced by non-Hispanic whites is accurate?

<p>They have higher rates of accidental poisoning than other groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major health challenge faced by Asian American women in terms of cancer?

<p>They have the lowest cancer screening rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a leading cause of death among Native Americans?

<p>Chronic liver disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Weathering Hypothesis suggests that health disparities arise due to what primary factor?

<p>Social and economic marginalization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason for mistrust in the medical system among people of color?

<p>Historical targeting for unjust research and experimentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to the poor mental health outcomes experienced by ethnic minority groups?

<p>Chronic stress from societal pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the decision upheld for the forced sterilization of individuals with disabilities?

<p>1927 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions has a higher prevalence among Asian Americans compared to the general population?

<p>Lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health disparities is more pronounced in older age groups according to the Weathering Hypothesis?

<p>Cumulative health impacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is an example of a targeted trauma that affects the physical and mental health of racial or ethnic groups?

<p>The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health, what role does 'structural racism' play in racial disparities?

<p>It contributes to unequal health outcomes through systemic barriers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of emigration?

<p>Migration from a location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes net migration?

<p>It is the difference between immigration and emigration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a push factor in migration?

<p>Economic hardship at home. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of international migration?

<p>It is usually a permanent move from one country to another. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did immigrants primarily come from Southern and Eastern Europe to the US?

<p>1880 to 1920. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for immigrants entering the US?

<p>Displaying proficiency in English. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason behind the transatlantic slave trade?

<p>The forced labor of African individuals in the Americas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best defines voluntary migration?

<p>Migration driven by economic or environmental choices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by Chinese immigrants at Angel Island compared to those at Ellis Island?

<p>They were often held for weeks or months in inadequate conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that diverse immigrant cultures coexist without losing their individual identities?

<p>Salad bowl theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a common health risk for immigrants living in overcrowded housing?

<p>Tuberculosis and other infectious diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the rapid growth of cities in the U.S. have on immigrant living conditions?

<p>Creation of tenements that housed multiple families. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act?

<p>To limit the entry of Chinese immigrants into the U.S. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of migration does a migrant's health profile reflect the disease conditions of their country of origin?

<p>Pre-entry stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the living conditions in tenements where many immigrants resided?

<p>Crowded living spaces often shared by multiple families. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem did urban environments pose for early immigrant populations?

<p>High rates of crime and inadequate police force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the process of adapting to living conditions in the U.S. affect immigrants' health?

<p>It potentially increased stress and health problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were common conditions that contributed to health risks for immigrants living in cities?

<p>Lack of sanitation and exposure to poor living conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the difference between emigration and immigration?

<p>Net migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a push factor for migration?

<p>Persecution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period did most European immigrants arrive in the United States, primarily from Northwestern Europe?

<p>1840 to 1860 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of forced migration?

<p>Migrant is compelled to move due to cultural pressures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the flow of undocumented immigrants into the United States?

<p>Many undocumented immigrants arrive on visas and overstayed their allowed time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about long-distance migrants?

<p>They tend to migrate to major centers of economic activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason why many native-born Americans felt threatened by new immigrants between 1880 and 1920?

<p>Immigrants arrived in large numbers with different languages and cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What location served as the primary processing center for European immigrants arriving in the United States starting in 1892?

<p>Ellis Island (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant difference between the processing of immigrants at Ellis Island and Angel Island?

<p>Ellis Island was more welcoming and processed immigrants within hours. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory describes the ideal to which immigrants integrate while still maintaining their cultural identities?

<p>Salad Bowl Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges did immigrants face living in tenements during urban growth?

<p>Overcrowding and poor living conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary factor influencing the health of migrants during the transition phase?

<p>Variability in vaccination rates and health education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major act restricted Chinese immigration to the US in the early 20th century?

<p>Chinese Exclusion Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant urban issue arose in rapidly growing cities by 1900?

<p>Lack of suitable infrastructure to manage growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the urban environment impact the psychological health of immigrants?

<p>Coping with discrimination and unemployment stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common result of the health challenges faced by immigrants in urban settings?

<p>Increased rates of chronic diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor made accessing healthcare difficult for many immigrants?

<p>Language barriers and misinformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a predominant living condition for many immigrant families in urban areas?

<p>Overcrowded tenements and shared living spaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically associated with pandemics?

<p>Widespread occurrence in a community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pandemics primarily emerge?

<p>Through the interaction of human society with nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'zoonosis' refer to in the context of pandemics?

<p>Diseases transferring from animals to humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding smoking and obesity as pandemics is correct?

<p>They are not classified as pandemics due to lack of contagiousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of disease movement in pandemics?

<p>Diseases can be traced as they travel from person to person and across borders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major social effect of pandemics on society?

<p>Accelerates social change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pandemic allowed the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs?

<p>Smallpox (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pandemics typically affect different social groups?

<p>They disproportionately impact those with existing health inequalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does media coverage play during pandemics?

<p>Can both inform and misinform the public (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for pandemic preparedness according to historical lessons?

<p>Investments in research and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of stigmatization during pandemics?

<p>Blaming specific groups for disease spread (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the Black Death on European society?

<p>Collapse of feudalism and serfdom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'epidemic of fear' in the context of pandemics?

<p>A psychological reaction that accompanies the disease spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social phenomenon was exacerbated during the AIDS pandemic?

<p>Stigmatization of entire regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does public education play in pandemic responses?

<p>Helps dispel myths and encourages responsible behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is often associated with the rapid spread of a pandemic?

<p>High attack rates and explosiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the term 'zoonotic origin' in the context of pandemics?

<p>It denotes infections that jump from one species to another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT typically characterize a pandemic?

<p>Significant community immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases or conditions is generally classified as a pandemic due to its characteristics?

<p>Covid-19 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social aspect is significant in understanding how pandemics are classified?

<p>Societal responses and classification processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential social consequence of pandemics that has been observed historically?

<p>Acceleration of social change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason why some groups are more severely affected by pandemics?

<p>Chronic health inequalities and poor living conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did smallpox play in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?

<p>It allowed the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can media coverage influence a pandemic's progression?

<p>It can both inform and misinform the public. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the stigmatization experienced during pandemics?

<p>High levels of education in social groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of societal response to pandemics is emphasized as crucial for effective management?

<p>Public education and empowerment with accurate information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant structural outcome from the Black Death?

<p>Collapse of feudalism and rise of the merchant class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical need for addressing future pandemics is highlighted in the lessons from past experiences?

<p>Investment in research and development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological aspect is NOT identified as a parallel social epidemic during pandemics?

<p>Misinformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the AIDS pandemic, which geographic region faced significant stigmatization?

<p>Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Implicit Bias

A form of bias that operates automatically and unintentionally, affecting judgments, decisions, and behaviors, even if the person consciously doesn't hold prejudiced beliefs.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A psychological test designed to measure the strength of automatic associations between concepts (e.g., race and positive/negative).

Implicit Cognition

Mental processes that operate outside of our conscious awareness.

Dissociation of implicit and explicit attitudes

The idea that people may have unconscious biases (implicit) that differ from their conscious beliefs (explicit).

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Mental chronometry

The measurement of the time course of human information processing, particularly reaction times.

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Implicit race bias stability

Implicit racial biases stay similar across different groups like religion or education levels, but change based on age, gender, and politics.

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Pro-white bias trend

Older people tend to demonstrate a greater bias towards white people. Also, conservatives often show a stronger pro-white bias compared to liberals.

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Implicit bias on employment

Studies show potential discrimination in hiring, with white applicants getting callbacks more often than Black applicants, as a form of bias.

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Implicit bias & crowd wisdom

The immediate social environment can strongly influence implicit biases. A group's collective judgment can be more accurate than one person's.

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Bias Contextual Change

Implicit biases can shift based on the situation, individual motivations and goals. This means the bias is not static

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Implicit Bias

A bias that happens without you realizing it, influencing your judgments and actions. It might differ from your conscious beliefs.

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Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test that measures how quickly you associate certain concepts, like race and good/bad, to understand hidden biases.

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Implicit Cognition

Mental processes that operate without you knowing, influencing your thoughts and decisions.

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Dissociation of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes

Your conscious beliefs might be different from the automatic feelings and preferences you're not aware of.

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Mental Chronometry

The science of measuring how quickly people process information.

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Implicit bias stability

Implicit racial biases stay similar across different groups (religion, education), but change with age, gender, and political views.

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Pro-white bias trend

Older individuals show stronger pro-white bias than younger adults, and conservatives more than liberals.

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Bias at work

Studies suggest that white applicants get more callbacks at employment than black applicants.

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Bias & crowd effect

Social context is a strong driver of implicit bias. A group's collective judgment can be more accurate than one person's.

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Bias contextual change

Implicit bias can change based on the situation, personal motivations, and goals.

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Healthcare Provider Stigma

Substance use disorder (SUD) patients frequently face prejudice from healthcare providers, leading to poor treatment and outcomes.

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Doctor-Patient Relationship

The interaction between a doctor and patient is crucial for effective treatment and a positive health experience.

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Activity-Passivity Model

In a sudden illness like an emergency room visit, the doctor generally makes most of the decisions since the patient is unable to.

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Guidance-Cooperation Model

When patients know about their illness and can work with their physician, the doctor guides the solution.

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Mutual Participation Model

For long-term illnesses, patients and doctors work together to control the condition.

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Patient-Centered Care

An approach that prioritizes patients' preferences and active participation in medical decisions.

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Communication Barriers

Differences in status, education, and background between doctors and patients create communication challenges.

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Cultural Differences

Cultural backgrounds strongly affect how people interact with healthcare systems.

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Trust in Medicine

Trust between patients and doctors is vital for adhering to treatment plans and achieving positive health outcomes.

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Consequences of Mistrust

Lack of trust can lead to patients not following treatment recommendations, avoidance of the healthcare system, and adverse health outcomes.

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Healthcare Provider Stigma

Substance use disorder (SUD) patients often experience bias and prejudice from healthcare providers, affecting treatment and outcomes.

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Doctor-Patient Relationship

The interaction between a doctor and patient, pivotal for successful treatment and positive patient experience.

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Activity-Passivity Model

In urgent situations (like emergencies), the doctor takes the lead due to the patient's state of helplessness.

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Guidance-Cooperation Model

Doctors and patients work collaboratively to address an illness when the patient understands the condition.

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Mutual Participation Model

Applicable to chronic illnesses; patients actively participate with the doctor in managing their condition.

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Patient-Centered Care

Prioritizes patient preferences, encouraging them to participate actively in healthcare decisions.

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Communication Barriers

Differences in status, education, and background hinder effective communication between doctors and patients.

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Cultural Differences

Cultural backgrounds significantly shape how patients interact with healthcare systems, hindering effective care.

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Trust in Medicine

Trust between patients and doctors is essential for adherence to treatment and positive health outcomes.

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Consequences of Mistrust

Lack of trust can lead to lack of compliance, avoidance of care, and poor health outcomes.

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Gender

A person's self-identified identity, which can change over time, encompassing roles, behaviors, and expressions.

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Sex

A person's biological status, typically assigned at birth based on physical characteristics like anatomy, including chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs.

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Gender Identity

A person's deepest internal sense of being a woman, a man, both, neither, or another gender.

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Gender Disparity in Life Expectancy

Men tend to have shorter life expectancies than women, attributed to biological, social, and psychological factors.

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Leading Causes of Death for Men

Heart disease, accidents, cancer, and stroke are prevalent causes of death for men across different ages.

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Factors Contributing to Male Mortality

Biological factors, societal expectations, risky behaviors, and occupational choices contribute to higher male mortality rates.

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Gender and Social Context

Gender identity emerges and develops within specific social structures, influencing one's well-being and opportunities.

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Sex and gender difference

Sex and gender are distinct concepts; sex refers to biological traits, while gender refers to social roles.

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Higher status job & breast cancer risk

Women in higher-level jobs have a greater chance of developing breast cancer compared to housewives or those in lower-status positions.

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Gender differences in morbidity

Women generally experience more instances of acute illnesses (like digestive and respiratory issues) and chronic conditions (like high blood pressure and diabetes) than men, although men have a higher mortality rate.

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Women's health decisions

Longer lifespan for women results in more important choices regarding remarriage, employment, family life, and dealing with widowhood.

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Mortality trends (lower educ. whites)

Lower-educated non-Hispanic white individuals experience a rising mortality rate, driven by factors such as drug overdoses, substance abuse, and suicide.

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Intersectionality

A framework for understanding how different social identities (like race, gender, and sexual orientation) overlap and affect health outcomes.

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LGBTQ health disparities

LGBTQ individuals face health disparities, stemming from stigma, discrimination, limited access to care, mental health issues, substance abuse, and economic challenges.

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Homophobia

Negative attitudes, discrimination, and prejudice against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people based on their sexual orientation.

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Heteronormative

The idea that heterosexuality is the norm and other sexual orientations are marginalized or considered less valid.

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Mental health (LGBTQ)

LGBTQ people often experience higher rates of mental health issues, primarily due to societal biases and prejudices, not inherently due to sexual orientation.

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Lack of LGBT services

LGBTQ individuals often face barriers in accessing healthcare, potentially due to a lack of specialized services and a lack of cultural competence in existing services.

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Gender

A person's self-identified identity (can change), including their roles, behaviors, and expressions.

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Sex

A person's biological status, typically assigned at birth, based on physical characteristics (anatomy).

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Gender Identity

A person's internal sense of being female, male, both, neither, or another gender.

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Gender Disparity in Life Expectancy

Men tend to have shorter lifespans than women, due to biological, social, psychological factors.

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Leading Causes of Death for Men

Heart disease, accidents, cancer, and strokes are common causes of death for men.

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Factors Affecting Male Mortality

Biological predispositions, social expectations, risky behaviors, and occupational choices all contribute.

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Gender & Social Context

Gender identity develops within a specific social environment influencing well-being and opportunities.

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Sex vs. Gender

Sex is biological; gender is societal, not interchangeable concepts.

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Higher status job & breast cancer

Women in higher-level jobs have a greater chance of developing breast cancer than housewives or those in lower-level jobs.

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Gender differences in morbidity

Women generally experience more acute and chronic illnesses than men, even though men have higher mortality rates.

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Women's health decisions

Longer lifespans for women lead to important choices about family life, employment, and widowhood.

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Mortality trends (lower educ. whites)

Lower-educated non-Hispanic whites have increasing mortality, largely due to substance abuse and suicide.

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Intersectionality

A framework for understanding how various social identities (such as race, gender, sexual orientation) overlap to affect health.

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LGBTQ health disparities

LGBTQ individuals face greater health risks due to stigma, discrimination, and limited access to care.

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Homophobia

Negative attitudes and discrimination toward LGBTQ individuals based on their sexual orientation.

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Heteronormative

The idea that heterosexuality is the norm and other sexualities are marginalized.

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Mental health (LGBTQ)

LGBTQ people experience higher rates of mental health issues due to societal pressures, not their sexual orientation itself.

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Lack of LGBT services

LGBTQ individuals often face barriers accessing healthcare due to a lack of specialized services and cultural competence.

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Race

A group distinguished in society based on perceived characteristics, often defined as superior or inferior, but scientifically unfounded.

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Ethnicity

A group's cultural practices and heritage; often used incorrectly to divide people of color.

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African American Mortality

Higher rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, cancer (including specific types like myeloma and pancreatic), and prostate cancer compared to other groups.

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Non-Hispanic White Mortality

Higher rates of COPD and respiratory diseases, Alzheimer's disease, accidental poisoning, and suicide compared to other groups.

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Race & Breast Cancer

Black women are less likely to get breast cancer but more likely to develop it at younger ages, advanced stages, aggressive forms, and triple-negative tumors.

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Race & Major Depression

Black individuals have lower rates of major depression than white individuals, but depressed black individuals tend to experience chronic depression, more impairment, severe symptoms, and poorer treatment rates than white individuals.

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Race & Pain Management

Black individuals are less likely to receive narcotic pain medication compared to white individuals, and are less likely to receive opiate pain medication following surgery.

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Hispanic Population Growth

Hispanics represent a significant and growing portion of the US population, often in worker-led family units, however, they often have higher risk of poverty.

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Hispanic Health Disparities

Hispanic individuals face higher rates of certain illnesses like heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries compared to other groups, often due to factors like access to care, poverty, and structural racism.

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Native American Health Disparities

Native Americans experience similar leading causes of death as Hispanics, including heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries, along with chronic liver disease, often linked to socioeconomic factors and historical trauma.

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Asian American Health Disparities

Asian Americans, a diverse group, have disparities, including lower cancer screening rates among women, higher rates of hepatitis B and tuberculosis, and later-stage cancer diagnoses.

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Racism & Overall Health

Racism and discrimination are strongly linked to worse overall physical and mental health outcomes for minority groups, driven by chronic stress stemming from societal factors.

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Weathering Hypothesis

The idea from 1992 that health disparities, especially for Black Americans, are a result of cumulative stress from marginalization.

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Forced Sterilization

Marginalized groups in the US have been subjected to forced sterilizations, even legalized by some states with eugenics committees.

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Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A US Public Health Service study, where researchers withheld treatment from 600 Black men with syphilis.

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Historical Health Disparities (Healthcare)

Significant disparities in healthcare exist for minorities, stemming from systemic issues such as discrimination and prior unfair treatment, leading to lack of trust.

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Access to Care

Availability and affordability of healthcare services, a factor for disparities in various demographic groups.

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Poverty

A significant contributor to health disparities, affecting access to resources and potentially influencing health behaviours.

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Race definition

A group in society treated as distinct due to perceived characteristics, often leading to assumptions of superiority/inferiority, but lacking any scientific basis.

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Ethnicity definition

The cultural practices and heritage of a group of people, often misused to imply people of color.

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African American mortality

Higher rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, and several cancers (including myeloma, pancreatic, and prostate) compared to other groups.

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Non-Hispanic White Mortality

Higher rates of COPD, respiratory diseases, Alzheimer's, accidental poisoning, and suicide compared to other groups.

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Race and Breast Cancer

Black women have lower initial rates than white women but are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages, experience aggressive forms, and develop triple negative tumors.

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Race and Major Depression

Black individuals have lower rates of depression, but when depressed, they face chronic conditions, significant impairment, severe symptoms, and lower treatment rates than their white counterparts.

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Race and Pain Management

Black individuals are less likely to receive narcotic pain medication and opiate painkillers for pain compared to whites, with many healthcare providers holding incorrect beliefs about their pain tolerance.

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Hispanic population growth

Hispanics represent a significant and growing percentage of the US population, and are typically involved in family units with workers, yet they experience higher rates of poverty compared to other groups.

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Hispanic Health Disparities

Higher rates of heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and stroke in the Hispanic community, often linked to poverty, lack of access to care, and structural racism.

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Native American Health

Similar leading causes of death as Hispanics, including heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries, but also with chronic liver disease.

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Asian American Health Disparities

Disparities in cancer screening (lower rates in women), later-stage diagnoses, higher rates of hepatitis B and tuberculosis.

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Racism & Health

Strong link between racism/discrimination and worse physical and mental health in minority groups due to chronic stress.

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Weathering Hypothesis

Cumulative stress from marginalization (esp. among Black Americans) leading to health disparities.

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Forced Sterilization

Historical practice of sterilizing marginalized groups in the US, sometimes with legal permission.

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Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Unethical US Public Health Service study that withheld treatment from Black men with syphilis.

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Historical Health Disparities

Systemic issues such as discrimination and prior unjust treatment causing mistrust and disparities in modern healthcare.

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Access to Care

Availability and affordability of healthcare services affecting health disparities for various groups.

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Poverty

A significant contributor to health disparities due to access to resources and influence on health behaviours.

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Immigration

Migration to a new location.

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Net Migration

The difference between emigration and immigration.

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Push Factors

Reasons that cause people to leave a location.

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Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to a new location.

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International Migration

Permanent move from one country to another.

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Voluntary Migration

Migration by choice, often for economic or environmental reasons.

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Forced Migration

Migration due to factors like persecution or war.

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Undocumented Immigrants

People who enter a country without proper documents.

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Ellis Island

Immigration processing center in New York Harbor, where immigrants were examined before entry into the United States.

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Angel Island

Immigration processing center in San Francisco Bay for Asian immigrants, particularly Chinese.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

Law that restricted or suspended Chinese immigration, impacting immigration patterns.

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

Sections of cities populated predominantly by people of the same ethnic, cultural, or religious background.

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Tenements

Low-cost multifamily dwellings, often overcrowded and lacking proper sanitation in urban areas.

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Urban Growth (1860-1890)

Rapid increase in the size of US cities due to industrialization, job opportunities, and proximity to resources.

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Melting Pot Theory

A theory where different cultures mix together, creating a distinct new culture.

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Salad Bowl Theory

Theory where different cultures coexist but retain their distinct identities.

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Immigration and Health

The effect of immigration on the health of individuals, encompassing pre-entry, transitional, and post-entry phases.

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Communicable Diseases

Diseases that can spread from one person to another, particularly a concern for immigrant populations.

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Immigration

Migration to a new location.

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Net Migration

The difference between immigration and emigration.

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Push Factors

Reasons that encourage people to leave a place.

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Pull Factors

Reasons that draw people to another place.

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International Migration

Permanent relocation from one country to another.

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Voluntary Migration

Migration based on choice for personal reasons.

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Forced Migration

Migration due to unwanted circumstances for safety.

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Undocumented Immigrants

Individuals entering a country without proper documents.

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Ellis Island

Immigration processing center in New York Harbor, where immigrants underwent medical examinations and were held before entering the US.

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Angel Island

Immigration processing center in San Francisco Bay, primarily for Asian immigrants.

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Ethnic Neighborhoods

Areas in cities populated by immigrants of the same ethnicity.

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Melting Pot Theory

Theory suggesting that immigrants assimilate into a single, homogenous culture.

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Salad Bowl Theory

Theory describing a society where different cultures remain distinct, blended like a salad.

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Tenement

Low-cost multi-family housing, often overcrowded.

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Urban Living Problems

Challenges like fires, crime, sanitation issues, and lack of water in rapidly growing cities.

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Immigration and Health

Impact of immigration on the health of migrants, spanning pre-entry, transition, and post-entry stages.

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Communicable Diseases

Illnesses easily spread between people.

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Impact on Migrants' Psychological Health

Leaving families and adapting to a new environment can lead to stress.

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Pandemic

A widespread disease across a large area, crossing international borders, affecting a large number of people.

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Epidemic

A widespread disease affecting a large part of a specific community or country at a particular time.

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Pandemic characteristics

Wide geographic spread, disease movement, high attack rates, minimal population immunity, and novelty.

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Zoonosis

An infection that jumps from one species to another, especially from animals to humans.

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Why do pandemics happen?

Pandemics arise from the interaction between human society and nature, where the agency of humans interacts with the agency of nature, with pandemic viruses having zoonotic origins.

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Pandemic Causes (now)

Recent pandemics are often caused by new viruses for which no immunity exists in the population.

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WHO's role

The World Health Organization coordinates international health issues and responds to public health emergencies.

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Pandemic's social effect

Pandemics significantly impact society, interacting with existing social trends, relationships, and inequalities.

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Black Death impact

The Black Death led to the collapse of feudalism and serfdom, and spurred the Renaissance.

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Smallpox and Spanish Conquest

Smallpox weakened the Aztecs, enabling the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

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Media role in pandemics

Media coverage can influence pandemics' course by informing, but also misinforming, the public.

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Stigma in pandemics

Stigma, a common feature of plagues, often targets social groups for blame.

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Pandemic inequalities

Pandemics disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, who already experience poorer health and living conditions.

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Pandemic mitigation

History shows that some pandemics can be reduced or eradicated through improved infrastructure, healthcare systems, research, collaboration, and education.

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Pandemic preparedness

Preparing for future pandemics requires lessons from the past, embracing innovation, and fostering international cooperation and trust.

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Pandemic

A widespread disease affecting a large part of the population across a vast geographical area, usually crossing international boundaries.

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Epidemic

A widespread disease affecting a significant portion of a community at a particular time.

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Pandemic Characteristics

Features of a pandemic include wide geographic spread, rapid spread, and low pre-existing immunity in the population.

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Zoonosis

An infection that transfers from animals to humans.

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Why Pandemics Happen

Pandemics arise due to the interaction of human society and nature, where human activity meets natural occurrences via zoonotic origins.

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Pandemic Cause (Recent)

New viral diseases for which humans have no pre-existing immunity

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WHO Role

International health coordinator, responding to emergencies

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Pandemic societal effect

Significant impacts on society, accelerating or worsening existing inequalities

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Black Death Impact

Feudalism collapse, serfdom end, Renaissance emergence

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Smallpox & Colonization

Weakened Aztec Empire, allowing European conquest

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Media Role in Pandemics

Can both inform and misinform, influencing outbreak course

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Government Pandemic Response

May conceal outbreaks to protect economy

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Pandemic Stigma Example

Jews blamed for the Black Death, Africans for AIDS

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Pandemic & Inequalities

Vulnerable groups disproportionately affected

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Pandemic Mitigation

Preparation, research, international collaboration, public education

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Study Notes

Implicit Bias: A Summary

  • Implicit bias refers to automatic and unintentional biases that influence judgments, decisions, and behaviors, despite conscious, or explicit, intentions.
  • Recent studies indicate racial prejudice on surveys toward Black Americans, despite persisting disparities in housing, employment, education, healthcare, and law enforcement.
  • Implicit bias extends beyond traditional notions of racism, encompassing modern racism, aversive racism, and implicit bias, which affect how people interact in social settings.
  • The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures implicit attitudes by assessing response times to various stimuli.
  • The IAT, inspired by mental chronometry research and others, uses response latencies to gauge the strength of an association between social groups and positive or negative connotations.
  • A significant finding is the dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes. Implicit attitudes are often outside of conscious awareness and control, while explicit attitudes are deliberately controlled and consciously held.
  • Implicit bias is generally shown by a preference for in-group members, evident in various social groups like those sharing specific ideologies or ethnicity.
  • Studies indicate White Americans frequently show a pro-White bias, while Black Americans display a less pronounced pro-Black bias.
  • Demographic factors like age, gender, political ideology, and level of education are associated with variations in implicit bias. For example, older individuals often exhibit higher pro-White bias, and conservatives may tend to have stronger pro-White implicit bias than liberals.
  • Implicit bias is consistently pro-white across different locations and social settings where people live, with some regional differences observable.
  • The rise of “adult studies” focuses on controlled settings to examine group-based discrimination, identifying disparities in employment.
  • Implicit bias is not static; contextual factors and personal motives influence its expression, and can change with targeted interventions.
  • Several interventions can reduce implicit race bias, though often the observed impacts are temporary.
  • Societal trends have shown a mixed picture: decreasing racial bias, and anti-gay bias have been observed, while other biases, such as gender or regional biases, appear less affected or unchanged.

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Description

Explore the concept of implicit bias and how it shapes our perceptions and behaviors unconsciously. This quiz delves into various studies on racial prejudice, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and the differences between implicit and explicit attitudes. Understand the implications of these biases in social interactions and decision-making.

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