Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of immunoglobulin is predominantly produced in response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
What type of immunoglobulin is predominantly produced in response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
- IgM
- IgA
- IgE
- IgG (correct)
What is the primary site for long-lived plasma cells generated in response to protein antigens?
What is the primary site for long-lived plasma cells generated in response to protein antigens?
- Gut
- Bone marrow (correct)
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
Which type of T helper cell is associated with the antibody response to streptococci?
Which type of T helper cell is associated with the antibody response to streptococci?
- Th2
- Th1
- Th17 (correct)
- Treg
In contrast to the response to protein antigens, what is the main feature of antibody production in response to toxins?
In contrast to the response to protein antigens, what is the main feature of antibody production in response to toxins?
Which cytokine is linked to the activation of Th17 responses?
Which cytokine is linked to the activation of Th17 responses?
What is a distinguishing feature of the immune response to Staphylococcus aureus compared to Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is a distinguishing feature of the immune response to Staphylococcus aureus compared to Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which statement is true about memory B cells in response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which statement is true about memory B cells in response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which antibody function is crucial in preventing the entrance of Streptococcus into host tissues?
Which antibody function is crucial in preventing the entrance of Streptococcus into host tissues?
What condition is defined as a reduction or loss of splenic function?
What condition is defined as a reduction or loss of splenic function?
Which antibodies are primarily produced by short-lived plasma cells in the spleen?
Which antibodies are primarily produced by short-lived plasma cells in the spleen?
What is a common cause of hyposplenism related to surgical intervention?
What is a common cause of hyposplenism related to surgical intervention?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended vaccine for patients with hyposplenism?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended vaccine for patients with hyposplenism?
What do eosinophil granules contain that is specifically harmful to parasites?
What do eosinophil granules contain that is specifically harmful to parasites?
What is the primary goal of managing hyposplenism in patients?
What is the primary goal of managing hyposplenism in patients?
What type of clinical condition is functional hyposplenism associated with?
What type of clinical condition is functional hyposplenism associated with?
In the context of TH2 associated diseases, what is a key indicator of increased susceptibility to asthma?
In the context of TH2 associated diseases, what is a key indicator of increased susceptibility to asthma?
What is one method used to monitor patients with hyposplenism?
What is one method used to monitor patients with hyposplenism?
What role do mast cells play regarding infections?
What role do mast cells play regarding infections?
Which interleukins are commonly associated with TH2 responses?
Which interleukins are commonly associated with TH2 responses?
What type of infection does the spleen help clear from the bloodstream?
What type of infection does the spleen help clear from the bloodstream?
What is one consequence of increased mast cell activity?
What is one consequence of increased mast cell activity?
What should individuals at risk carry or wear to identify their condition?
What should individuals at risk carry or wear to identify their condition?
Which cytokine is primarily involved in T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subset?
Which cytokine is primarily involved in T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subset?
What do toll-like receptors (TLRs) primarily recognize?
What do toll-like receptors (TLRs) primarily recognize?
Which type of infections are Th2 cells particularly important against?
Which type of infections are Th2 cells particularly important against?
What is one of the key functions of IL-4 in immune response?
What is one of the key functions of IL-4 in immune response?
What do mast cell granules primarily contain to combat helminths?
What do mast cell granules primarily contain to combat helminths?
What is the role of histamine in the immune response against helminths?
What is the role of histamine in the immune response against helminths?
Which pathogen is NOT listed as an example of a helminth infection?
Which pathogen is NOT listed as an example of a helminth infection?
Which interleukin is known for recruiting mast cells and eosinophils?
Which interleukin is known for recruiting mast cells and eosinophils?
What triggers inflammation in the innate immune response?
What triggers inflammation in the innate immune response?
Which TLR is responsible for recognizing the surface of Streptococcus?
Which TLR is responsible for recognizing the surface of Streptococcus?
What are the main cytokines produced by macrophages?
What are the main cytokines produced by macrophages?
What role do antibodies play against Streptococcus?
What role do antibodies play against Streptococcus?
Which TLR is NOT involved in recognizing Streptococcus?
Which TLR is NOT involved in recognizing Streptococcus?
Which cytokine is primarily associated with acute inflammation by macrophages?
Which cytokine is primarily associated with acute inflammation by macrophages?
Which mechanism is NOT a function of antibodies against Streptococcus?
Which mechanism is NOT a function of antibodies against Streptococcus?
What type of immune response do antibodies mediate against Streptococcus?
What type of immune response do antibodies mediate against Streptococcus?
Which TLR is involved in recognizing a broader range of pathogens, including viruses?
Which TLR is involved in recognizing a broader range of pathogens, including viruses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of extracellular infections?
Which of the following is a characteristic of extracellular infections?
What role do antibodies play in response to extracellular infections?
What role do antibodies play in response to extracellular infections?
Which of the following cells is primarily involved in detecting extracellular infections?
Which of the following cells is primarily involved in detecting extracellular infections?
What condition may result from the absence of spleen function?
What condition may result from the absence of spleen function?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a helminth involved in extracellular infection?
Which of the following organisms is an example of a helminth involved in extracellular infection?
Which immune response is coordinated between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
Which immune response is coordinated between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
Complement activation contributes to the immune response by which of the following mechanisms?
Complement activation contributes to the immune response by which of the following mechanisms?
Inflammatory responses during extracellular infections are important for which of the following?
Inflammatory responses during extracellular infections are important for which of the following?
Which of the following types of infections require a distinct type of immune response?
Which of the following types of infections require a distinct type of immune response?
Which immune cells are important for the inflammatory response to extracellular infections?
Which immune cells are important for the inflammatory response to extracellular infections?
What is a key feature of B cell memory after an extracellular infection?
What is a key feature of B cell memory after an extracellular infection?
Which of these is NOT considered a constituent of innate immunity?
Which of these is NOT considered a constituent of innate immunity?
Which type of infections necessitates cytotoxic T cells for an effective immune response?
Which type of infections necessitates cytotoxic T cells for an effective immune response?
What type of immune response is specifically involved in clearing extracellular bacteria?
What type of immune response is specifically involved in clearing extracellular bacteria?
What type of antibody is primarily produced in response to non-protein toxins?
What type of antibody is primarily produced in response to non-protein toxins?
What is the main site where long-lived plasma cells reside after responding to protein antigens?
What is the main site where long-lived plasma cells reside after responding to protein antigens?
Which characteristic distinguishes the B cell response to Streptococcus pyogenes from that to other types of antigens?
Which characteristic distinguishes the B cell response to Streptococcus pyogenes from that to other types of antigens?
Which antibody function is essential for opsonization against Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which antibody function is essential for opsonization against Streptococcus pyogenes?
What type of B cell response is characterized by minimal isotype switching and the generation of short-lived plasma cells?
What type of B cell response is characterized by minimal isotype switching and the generation of short-lived plasma cells?
In which area do memory B cells primarily reside after responding to Streptococcus pyogenes?
In which area do memory B cells primarily reside after responding to Streptococcus pyogenes?
What type of antibodies primarily neutralize and activate complement against Streptococcus?
What type of antibodies primarily neutralize and activate complement against Streptococcus?
In the immune response to Streptococcus, what is the role of neutralizing antibodies?
In the immune response to Streptococcus, what is the role of neutralizing antibodies?
What are the immediate health measures recommended for an individual with asplenia?
What are the immediate health measures recommended for an individual with asplenia?
Which immunization is NOT recommended for patients with hyposplenism?
Which immunization is NOT recommended for patients with hyposplenism?
What is a primary consequence of hyposplenism on the immune system?
What is a primary consequence of hyposplenism on the immune system?
What is the role of the spleen in developing B cells?
What is the role of the spleen in developing B cells?
Which of the following conditions is a cause of functional hyposplenism?
Which of the following conditions is a cause of functional hyposplenism?
What is the primary goal of managing hyposplenism?
What is the primary goal of managing hyposplenism?
What is a characteristic feature of short-lived plasma cells in the context of hyposplenism?
What is a characteristic feature of short-lived plasma cells in the context of hyposplenism?
Why is it important to measure antibody titers annually in patients with hyposplenism?
Why is it important to measure antibody titers annually in patients with hyposplenism?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the elimination of extracellular infections?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the elimination of extracellular infections?
Which cells are primarily responsible for detecting extracellular infections?
Which cells are primarily responsible for detecting extracellular infections?
How does the innate immune system respond to extracellular infections?
How does the innate immune system respond to extracellular infections?
What role do macrophages play in the immune response to extracellular infections?
What role do macrophages play in the immune response to extracellular infections?
What condition is characterized by a reduction or loss of splenic function during an immune response?
What condition is characterized by a reduction or loss of splenic function during an immune response?
Which type of immune response is coordinated between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
Which type of immune response is coordinated between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
What is the main purpose of phagocytosis in response to extracellular infections?
What is the main purpose of phagocytosis in response to extracellular infections?
What types of pathogens are primarily targeted by B cells during an extracellular immune response?
What types of pathogens are primarily targeted by B cells during an extracellular immune response?
Which of the following conditions may lead to hyposplenism?
Which of the following conditions may lead to hyposplenism?
Which immune cells are activated following antigen presentation to T helper cells during an extracellular infection?
Which immune cells are activated following antigen presentation to T helper cells during an extracellular infection?
What is a distinguishing feature of extracellular infections compared to intracellular infections?
What is a distinguishing feature of extracellular infections compared to intracellular infections?
What is primarily the role of the complement system in extracellular infections?
What is primarily the role of the complement system in extracellular infections?
What type of infections require a distinct immune response that involves B cells and antibodies?
What type of infections require a distinct immune response that involves B cells and antibodies?
What is the role of eosinophil granules in combating parasites?
What is the role of eosinophil granules in combating parasites?
Which of the following conditions is associated with high levels of IgE and mast cell activity?
Which of the following conditions is associated with high levels of IgE and mast cell activity?
Which interleukins are primarily involved in promoting TH2 responses?
Which interleukins are primarily involved in promoting TH2 responses?
What kind of infections are TH2 cells particularly adept at combating?
What kind of infections are TH2 cells particularly adept at combating?
What is the role of Th2 cells in the immune response?
What is the role of Th2 cells in the immune response?
Which cytokine is crucial for instructing T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subset?
Which cytokine is crucial for instructing T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subset?
What is the function of mast cell granules in response to helminth infections?
What is the function of mast cell granules in response to helminth infections?
What initiates inflammation in the innate immune response?
What initiates inflammation in the innate immune response?
Which of the following statements about IgE is true?
Which of the following statements about IgE is true?
Which pathogens are recognized as extracellular pathogens by innate immune cells?
Which pathogens are recognized as extracellular pathogens by innate immune cells?
What is a significant consequence of histamine secretion during immune responses?
What is a significant consequence of histamine secretion during immune responses?
Which of the following is an example of a helminth infection?
Which of the following is an example of a helminth infection?
What should individuals at risk due to hyposplenism carry or wear for identification?
What should individuals at risk due to hyposplenism carry or wear for identification?
What is the primary role of PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) in the immune response?
What is the primary role of PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) in the immune response?
What activates the classical pathway of complement activation?
What activates the classical pathway of complement activation?
What initiates phagocytosis during an immune response?
What initiates phagocytosis during an immune response?
Which cytokines mediate inflammation during an immune response?
Which cytokines mediate inflammation during an immune response?
What is a characteristic feature of Streptococcus bacteria?
What is a characteristic feature of Streptococcus bacteria?
Which condition is commonly associated with Streptococcus infections?
Which condition is commonly associated with Streptococcus infections?
What type of immune cell is primarily involved in the recruitment process during inflammation?
What type of immune cell is primarily involved in the recruitment process during inflammation?
What instructs T cells in their differentiation during an immune response?
What instructs T cells in their differentiation during an immune response?
Which immune response is particularly important against extracellular bacterial infections?
Which immune response is particularly important against extracellular bacterial infections?
What role do TH17 cells play in the immune response?
What role do TH17 cells play in the immune response?
What triggers the production of inflammatory mediators during an immune response to streptococci?
What triggers the production of inflammatory mediators during an immune response to streptococci?
Which type of infection primarily relies on the activation of innate immune cells?
Which type of infection primarily relies on the activation of innate immune cells?
What is a common result of macrophage activation during inflammation?
What is a common result of macrophage activation during inflammation?
What is the primary immune response immediate upon detection of an extracellular infection?
What is the primary immune response immediate upon detection of an extracellular infection?
Which statement best describes the role of the immune response to extracellular bacteria?
Which statement best describes the role of the immune response to extracellular bacteria?
What is the main outcome of isotype switching in response to protein antigens?
What is the main outcome of isotype switching in response to protein antigens?
In the context of antibody production, what is a characteristic feature of the response to toxins?
In the context of antibody production, what is a characteristic feature of the response to toxins?
What is the significance of long-lived plasma cells generated from a response to protein antigens?
What is the significance of long-lived plasma cells generated from a response to protein antigens?
Which cytokine is associated with producing a Th17 response?
Which cytokine is associated with producing a Th17 response?
What is a correct statement about memory B cells generated during the immune response to protein antigens?
What is a correct statement about memory B cells generated during the immune response to protein antigens?
Which of the following is true regarding the antibody response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
Which of the following is true regarding the antibody response to Streptococcus pyogenes?
What is the function of complement activation in the immune response?
What is the function of complement activation in the immune response?
In terms of antibody longevity and affinity, how do antibodies from short-lived plasma cells differ from those produced in response to protein antigens?
In terms of antibody longevity and affinity, how do antibodies from short-lived plasma cells differ from those produced in response to protein antigens?
What is the role of eosinophil granules in combating parasitic infections?
What is the role of eosinophil granules in combating parasitic infections?
Which interleukins are primarily associated with promoting TH2 responses?
Which interleukins are primarily associated with promoting TH2 responses?
What immunological structure is indicated by high levels of IgE and mast cell activity?
What immunological structure is indicated by high levels of IgE and mast cell activity?
How does mast cell activity contribute to the immune response against infections?
How does mast cell activity contribute to the immune response against infections?
What consequence can result from high levels of IgE antibodies in the body?
What consequence can result from high levels of IgE antibodies in the body?
What is a potential consequence of reduced splenic function related to antibody production?
What is a potential consequence of reduced splenic function related to antibody production?
What is a recommended management strategy for patients with hyposplenism?
What is a recommended management strategy for patients with hyposplenism?
Which of the following conditions is associated with functional hyposplenism?
Which of the following conditions is associated with functional hyposplenism?
Which vaccine should be administered as early as possible to patients at risk of infection due to hyposplenism?
Which vaccine should be administered as early as possible to patients at risk of infection due to hyposplenism?
What is a common trigger for patients to experience hyposplenism?
What is a common trigger for patients to experience hyposplenism?
In what aspect does the spleen play a role in immune responses?
In what aspect does the spleen play a role in immune responses?
What is an essential component of preventive care in patients with a congenital absence of spleen?
What is an essential component of preventive care in patients with a congenital absence of spleen?
What type of antibody do short-lived plasma cells produce after spleen development?
What type of antibody do short-lived plasma cells produce after spleen development?
Which feature is primarily associated with the Th2 immune response against helminth infections?
Which feature is primarily associated with the Th2 immune response against helminth infections?
What is the primary function of IL-4 in relation to T helper cells?
What is the primary function of IL-4 in relation to T helper cells?
What is a key role of mast cells in the immune response against helminths?
What is a key role of mast cells in the immune response against helminths?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of mast cell activation during helminth infections?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of mast cell activation during helminth infections?
What induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, and IL-8 during innate immunity?
What induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, and IL-8 during innate immunity?
Which interleukin specifically instructs T cell differentiation into the Th2 subset?
Which interleukin specifically instructs T cell differentiation into the Th2 subset?
What type of receptors do pathogens interact with to activate the innate immune response?
What type of receptors do pathogens interact with to activate the innate immune response?
In cases of splenic dysfunction, which precaution should individuals take when traveling?
In cases of splenic dysfunction, which precaution should individuals take when traveling?
What impact does IL-5 have in the immune response against helminths?
What impact does IL-5 have in the immune response against helminths?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inflammation initiation in the innate immune response?
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inflammation initiation in the innate immune response?
What distinguishes extracellular bacteria from intracellular bacteria?
What distinguishes extracellular bacteria from intracellular bacteria?
Which component of the immune system plays a major role in both detecting and responding to extracellular infections?
Which component of the immune system plays a major role in both detecting and responding to extracellular infections?
How do antibodies assist in the elimination of extracellular infections?
How do antibodies assist in the elimination of extracellular infections?
Which condition is characterized by reduced or absent splenic function affecting susceptibility to infections?
Which condition is characterized by reduced or absent splenic function affecting susceptibility to infections?
Which immune response mechanisms are primarily utilized during innate immunity to combat extracellular infections?
Which immune response mechanisms are primarily utilized during innate immunity to combat extracellular infections?
What role do macrophages and dendritic cells play in the immune response to extracellular infections?
What role do macrophages and dendritic cells play in the immune response to extracellular infections?
Which cytokines are primarily produced by macrophages to mediate inflammatory responses?
Which cytokines are primarily produced by macrophages to mediate inflammatory responses?
What describes the primary function of phagocytosis in the context of extracellular infections?
What describes the primary function of phagocytosis in the context of extracellular infections?
What is the role of complement activation in the immune response to extracellular infections?
What is the role of complement activation in the immune response to extracellular infections?
Which class of infections primarily elicits a TH2 immune response?
Which class of infections primarily elicits a TH2 immune response?
How is B cell memory established following an extracellular infection?
How is B cell memory established following an extracellular infection?
Which of the following is a common consequence of hyposplenism?
Which of the following is a common consequence of hyposplenism?
What type of immune responses are involved when cooperating between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
What type of immune responses are involved when cooperating between innate and adaptive immunity during extracellular infections?
What initiates phagocytosis in the immune response?
What initiates phagocytosis in the immune response?
What is the primary mechanism for killing microbes within the phagolysosome?
What is the primary mechanism for killing microbes within the phagolysosome?
Which pathway is activated by peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls?
Which pathway is activated by peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls?
Which cytokine serves as an instructive mediator during T cell differentiation to the Th17 subset?
Which cytokine serves as an instructive mediator during T cell differentiation to the Th17 subset?
What is a major inflammatory mediator produced during innate immune cell activation?
What is a major inflammatory mediator produced during innate immune cell activation?
Which medical condition is most commonly associated with Streptococcus infections?
Which medical condition is most commonly associated with Streptococcus infections?
Which type of immune cells play a key role in the process of antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells?
Which type of immune cells play a key role in the process of antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells?
What type of bacteria is specifically characterized as gram positive and aerobic?
What type of bacteria is specifically characterized as gram positive and aerobic?
Which factor is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines during the innate immune response?
Which factor is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines during the innate immune response?
What is the primary purpose of the complement activation in the immune response?
What is the primary purpose of the complement activation in the immune response?
During which immune response do TH2 cells primarily exert their function?
During which immune response do TH2 cells primarily exert their function?
Which type of receptor is primarily associated with the recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system?
Which type of receptor is primarily associated with the recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system?
What specific function does IL-17, produced by TH17 cells, serve in an immune response?
What specific function does IL-17, produced by TH17 cells, serve in an immune response?
Flashcards
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes
A type of bacteria that causes strep throat and other illnesses.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
A bacteria that can lead to pneumonia and other infections.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
A bacteria known to cause skin infections and other health issues.
B Cell Response to Streptococci
B Cell Response to Streptococci
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Isotype switching
Isotype switching
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IgG and IgA antibodies
IgG and IgA antibodies
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Neutralizing antibodies
Neutralizing antibodies
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Antibody Functions
Antibody Functions
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Extracellular Infections
Extracellular Infections
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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
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Complement Activation
Complement Activation
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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Antigen Presentation
Antigen Presentation
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T cells
T cells
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B cells
B cells
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Antibodies
Antibodies
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Helper T cells
Helper T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
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B cell memory
B cell memory
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Hyposplenism
Hyposplenism
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Streptococci
Streptococci
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Streptolysin O
Streptolysin O
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Opsonisation
Opsonisation
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TLR2
TLR2
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TNF and IL-1
TNF and IL-1
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Antibodies against Strep
Antibodies against Strep
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Opsonisation by Antibodies
Opsonisation by Antibodies
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Neutralisation by Antibodies
Neutralisation by Antibodies
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Spleen's role in immunity
Spleen's role in immunity
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What happens in hyposplenism?
What happens in hyposplenism?
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Causes of hyposplenism
Causes of hyposplenism
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Managing hyposplenism
Managing hyposplenism
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Prophylactic antibiotics in hyposplenism
Prophylactic antibiotics in hyposplenism
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Hyposplenism vaccinations
Hyposplenism vaccinations
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Monitoring antibody levels
Monitoring antibody levels
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Helminth Infections
Helminth Infections
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Th2 Immune Response
Th2 Immune Response
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IgE Antibody
IgE Antibody
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Eosinophils and Parasites
Eosinophils and Parasites
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Mast Cell Granules
Mast Cell Granules
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Histamine
Histamine
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IgE Antibodies and Allergies
IgE Antibodies and Allergies
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Th2 Cells and Allergy
Th2 Cells and Allergy
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Mast Cells and Allergy
Mast Cells and Allergy
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Increased Susceptibility to Asthma and Allergy
Increased Susceptibility to Asthma and Allergy
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Medic-Alert Bracelet
Medic-Alert Bracelet
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Innate Immune Response
Innate Immune Response
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Adaptive Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
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How does the Innate Immune System respond to Extracellular Infections?
How does the Innate Immune System respond to Extracellular Infections?
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Role of Antibodies in Extracellular Infections
Role of Antibodies in Extracellular Infections
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Clinical Consequences of Hyposplenism
Clinical Consequences of Hyposplenism
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Management of Hyposplenism
Management of Hyposplenism
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Streptococci Infections
Streptococci Infections
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Why is Hyposplenism Dangerous?
Why is Hyposplenism Dangerous?
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Prophylactic Antibiotics
Prophylactic Antibiotics
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Importance of Antibody Monitoring
Importance of Antibody Monitoring
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Th2 Response
Th2 Response
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Th2 Diseases
Th2 Diseases
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Risk Factors for Hyposplenism
Risk Factors for Hyposplenism
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What is a splenectomy card?
What is a splenectomy card?
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Helminths
Helminths
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What is IgE?
What is IgE?
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Role of Histamine
Role of Histamine
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Streptococci: What are they?
Streptococci: What are they?
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What does 'encapsulated' mean?
What does 'encapsulated' mean?
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How do Streptococci evade the immune system?
How do Streptococci evade the immune system?
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What are some infections caused by Streptococci?
What are some infections caused by Streptococci?
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What recognizes Streptococci?
What recognizes Streptococci?
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Immune Response: How does the body fight Streptococcal infections?
Immune Response: How does the body fight Streptococcal infections?
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Th17 Cells: What's their role?
Th17 Cells: What's their role?
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What are PAMPs and PRRs?
What are PAMPs and PRRs?
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What is IL-23?
What is IL-23?
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What are the functions of IL-17?
What are the functions of IL-17?
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What is the role of antibodies against Streptococci?
What is the role of antibodies against Streptococci?
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Can Streptococci be bad for the body?
Can Streptococci be bad for the body?
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Adaptive Immune Response: What is the role of B cells?
Adaptive Immune Response: What is the role of B cells?
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Macrophages: How do they help?
Macrophages: How do they help?
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Neutrophils: What do they do?
Neutrophils: What do they do?
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What is the job of Th17?
What is the job of Th17?
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What is 'encapsulated'?
What is 'encapsulated'?
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What do neutrophils do?
What do neutrophils do?
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Classical Pathway
Classical Pathway
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Alternative Pathway
Alternative Pathway
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Lectin Pathway
Lectin Pathway
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Phagolysosome
Phagolysosome
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Mannose Receptors
Mannose Receptors
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Complement Receptors
Complement Receptors
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
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Inflammatory Mediators
Inflammatory Mediators
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TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
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Prostaglandin
Prostaglandin
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Instructive Cytokines
Instructive Cytokines
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Innate Immune Response to Extracellular Infections
Innate Immune Response to Extracellular Infections
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Adaptive Immune Response to Extracellular Infections
Adaptive Immune Response to Extracellular Infections
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Examples of Extracellular Infections
Examples of Extracellular Infections
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Immune Response to Streptococcal Infections
Immune Response to Streptococcal Infections
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Role of Antibodies in Fighting Streptococcal Infections
Role of Antibodies in Fighting Streptococcal Infections
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PAMPs and PRRs: How we recognize bacteria
PAMPs and PRRs: How we recognize bacteria
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IL-17: A key cytokine for fighting bacteria
IL-17: A key cytokine for fighting bacteria
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Helminths: The parasitic worms
Helminths: The parasitic worms
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Th2 Immune Response to Helminths
Th2 Immune Response to Helminths
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What are Th2 cells?
What are Th2 cells?
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What does IgE do?
What does IgE do?
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What does histamine do?
What does histamine do?
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What are Streptococci?
What are Streptococci?
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IgE
IgE
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PAMPs and PRRs
PAMPs and PRRs
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Study Notes
Responses to Extracellular Infection
- Module: BMF
- Year: 1
- Topic: Responses to extracellular infection
- Presentation date: November 2024
- Presenter: Dr. Patrick Walsh
Immunology Lecture Outline
- Barrier Immunity:
- Physical barrier (intro to immune system)
- Mechanical barrier (intro to immune system)
- Chemical barrier (intro to immune system)
- Innate Immunity:
- Cytokines (intro to immune system)
- Inflammation (innate immune system lecture)
- Complement (innate immune system lecture)
- Antigen presentation (innate immune system lecture)
- Adaptive Immunity:
- Response to extracellular infections (immune response to specific types of infection)
- Cytotoxic and Helper T cells (T cell lecture)
- Response to intracellular infections (immune response to specific types of infection)
- B cells, antibodies (B cell lecture)
Lecture Learning Outcomes
- Describe the immune response to extracellular infections using streptococci and helminths as examples
- Explain how innate immune cells detect extracellular infections
- Describe how antibodies eliminate extracellular infections
- Explain B cell memory establishment
- Outline conditions causing hyposplenism
- Describe the clinical consequences and management of hyposplenism
Types of Infection
- Viruses
- Extracellular bacteria
- Intracellular bacteria
- Fungi
- Protozoan
- Multicellular parasites
Extracellular vs. Intracellular Infections
- Extracellular: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, live and multiply outside of cells.
- Intracellular: Organisms invade a cell for survival, multiplication, and evade detection. (Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Viruses)
Cooperation Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Macrophages and dendritic cells are the crucial cells that detect and combat infection
- Existing circulating antibodies specific for surface proteins or lipids of the invading organisms play a role in stimulating T cells and antibody production
- Presentation of antigens to these cells activates them
Innate Immunity to Extracellular Infections
- Complement activation
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammatory response
Complement Activation
- Classical pathway: Activated by antibodies recognizing antigens from previous infection
- Alternative pathway: Activated by peptidoglycans in cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria
- Lectin pathway: Activated by bacteria that express mannose on their surface.
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
- Phagocytosis is initiated by mannose and complement receptors.
- Killing of microbes occurs in phagolysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO).
- Production of inflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, prostaglandins)
Adaptive Immunity to Extracellular Microbes
- T Helper Cells
- Antibody production (B cells)
Summary of Extracellular Bacterial Infection
- The video is available in the Moodle folder.
Immune Response to Streptococci
- Gram positive aerobic bacteria
- Spherical
- Encapsulated
- Polysaccharide rich coat
- Releases toxins
- Strains include Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Medical Conditions of Streptococci
- Pharyngitis (strep throat)
- Skin Infections (Impetigo, Scarlet fever, Cellulitis)
- More serious conditions (Toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis)
Overview of Immune Response to Streptococci
- Extracellular microbe
- Resident macrophages induce phagocytosis and inflammation
- Recruitment of neutrophils
- Antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells
- Antibody production by B cells
Recognition and Activation of Innate Immunity
- PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
- PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
- TLRs (toll-like receptors)
- Cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF, IL-8) initially promote inflammation
- Antigen presentation in lymph nodes
Th17 Cells
- Important against extracellular bacteria infections.
- Functions: Recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides, and increased barrier integrity
- Example pathogenic organisms: Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida
B Cell Response to Streptococci
- Isotype switching to production of IgG and IgA for mucosal protection.
- Production of long-lived plasma cells for sustained protection
- Production of memory B cells
Antibody Responses
- Antibodies neutralize bacterial antigens activating complement and promoting phagocytosis
- Opsonization 'tags' the Streptococcus for recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages
Follow the Streptococcus (Antigen Recognition and Signaling)
- TLRs responsible for recognizing Streptococcus surface antigens
- Signaling is mediated primarily by cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IL-17)
- Antibodies may promote opsonization, neutralization, and complement activation.
Hyposplenism
- Reduction or loss of splenic function.
- Causes: Congenital absence of spleen (asplenia), surgical removal of spleen, functional hyposplenism
- Consequences: Recurrent bacterial infections
Management of Hyposplenism
- Prophylactic antibiotics, starting at birth (asplenia) or after splenectomy.
- Vaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal, Haemophilus influenzae b, and Meningitis C vaccines
- Annual measurement of antibody titers.
- Education and awareness of risks for travelers, and bites
Immune Response to Other Extracellular Pathogens
- Helminth infections (Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, and Ancylostoma duodenale)
Th2 Cells
- Important against helminth infections
- Functions: Isotype switching toward IgE and IgG, recruitment of mast cells, eosinophils, mucus production.
IgE & Eosinophil/Mast Cell-mediated Reactions
- Mast cell granules contain proteases and other substances directly killing worms
- Secretion of histamine increasing mucus in gut
- Eosinophil granules contain proteins toxic for parasite, antibodies help in secondary infections.
Th2 Associated Diseases
- Increased susceptibility to asthma and allergies
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Description
This quiz focuses on the immune response mechanisms to extracellular infections, covering aspects of barrier immunity, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Students will explore the roles of cytokines, inflammation, and T and B cells in responding to various infections. Perfect for Year 1 BMF students.
