Podcast
Questions and Answers
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that can cause infections in humans.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that can cause infections in humans.
True
Isotype switching primarily leads to the production of IgM antibodies.
Isotype switching primarily leads to the production of IgM antibodies.
False
Candida is a type of fungus that can lead to infections in humans.
Candida is a type of fungus that can lead to infections in humans.
True
Minimal isotype switching results in the production of long-lived plasma cells.
Minimal isotype switching results in the production of long-lived plasma cells.
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Memory B cells reside in the marginal zones of secondary lymph organs.
Memory B cells reside in the marginal zones of secondary lymph organs.
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Antibodies are ineffective in neutralizing pathogens.
Antibodies are ineffective in neutralizing pathogens.
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The generation of IgA is important for mucosal protection.
The generation of IgA is important for mucosal protection.
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There are no memory cells produced in the B cell response to streptococci.
There are no memory cells produced in the B cell response to streptococci.
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Mast cells assist in getting rid of killed worms.
Mast cells assist in getting rid of killed worms.
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Eosinophil granules contain proteins that are harmful to parasites.
Eosinophil granules contain proteins that are harmful to parasites.
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IgE antibodies have no effect on secondary infections.
IgE antibodies have no effect on secondary infections.
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Increased levels of IgE are associated with a higher vulnerability to asthma and allergies.
Increased levels of IgE are associated with a higher vulnerability to asthma and allergies.
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IL-4 and IL-5 are not related to TH2 associated diseases.
IL-4 and IL-5 are not related to TH2 associated diseases.
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Hyposplenism refers to an increase in splenic function.
Hyposplenism refers to an increase in splenic function.
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The spleen is a crucial secondary lymphoid organ.
The spleen is a crucial secondary lymphoid organ.
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B cells produce antibodies in the spleen after their development is completed.
B cells produce antibodies in the spleen after their development is completed.
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Surgical removal of the spleen can lead to hyposplenism.
Surgical removal of the spleen can lead to hyposplenism.
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Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with congenital asplenia.
Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with congenital asplenia.
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Functional hyposplenism can be caused by conditions like Coeliac disease.
Functional hyposplenism can be caused by conditions like Coeliac disease.
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Annual antibody titer measurements are not necessary for patients with hyposplenism.
Annual antibody titer measurements are not necessary for patients with hyposplenism.
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Vaccination should take place two weeks after a splenectomy.
Vaccination should take place two weeks after a splenectomy.
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Streptococci and helminths are examples of organisms involved in extracellular infections.
Streptococci and helminths are examples of organisms involved in extracellular infections.
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B cells are not involved in the elimination of extracellular infections.
B cells are not involved in the elimination of extracellular infections.
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Macrophages and dendritic cells are part of the adaptive immune response.
Macrophages and dendritic cells are part of the adaptive immune response.
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Complement activation is a mechanism involved in innate immunity.
Complement activation is a mechanism involved in innate immunity.
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Viruses are classified as extracellular organisms.
Viruses are classified as extracellular organisms.
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Phagocytosis is a process used by immune cells to engulf and digest extracellular pathogens.
Phagocytosis is a process used by immune cells to engulf and digest extracellular pathogens.
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Hyposplenism refers to an overactive spleen condition.
Hyposplenism refers to an overactive spleen condition.
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The immune response to intracellular infections involves T cells.
The immune response to intracellular infections involves T cells.
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Inflammation is not a part of the innate immune response.
Inflammation is not a part of the innate immune response.
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Antigen presentation is critical for the activation of T helper cells.
Antigen presentation is critical for the activation of T helper cells.
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Haemophilus influenza is an example of an intracellular pathogen.
Haemophilus influenza is an example of an intracellular pathogen.
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T cell memory is established as part of the adaptive immune response.
T cell memory is established as part of the adaptive immune response.
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Cytokines are involved in the adaptive immune response only.
Cytokines are involved in the adaptive immune response only.
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Staphylococcus aureus is an example of an extracellular infection.
Staphylococcus aureus is an example of an extracellular infection.
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IL-4 is an instructive cytokine that causes T cell differentiation into the Th2 subset.
IL-4 is an instructive cytokine that causes T cell differentiation into the Th2 subset.
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Mast cells and eosinophils are involved in IgE & Eosinophil/mast cell-mediated reactions against helminths.
Mast cells and eosinophils are involved in IgE & Eosinophil/mast cell-mediated reactions against helminths.
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The cytokine IL-5 is not significant in the response against helminths.
The cytokine IL-5 is not significant in the response against helminths.
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The release of secretory antigens involves the activation of cells and the initiation of inflammation.
The release of secretory antigens involves the activation of cells and the initiation of inflammation.
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Th2 cells are primarily responsible for antibody isotype switching towards IgM in response to helminths.
Th2 cells are primarily responsible for antibody isotype switching towards IgM in response to helminths.
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Secretory antigens include IL-1, TNF, and IL-8.
Secretory antigens include IL-1, TNF, and IL-8.
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PAMP stands for pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
PAMP stands for pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
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The classical pathway is activated by antibody recognition from previous infections.
The classical pathway is activated by antibody recognition from previous infections.
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Insect bites pose no risk to individuals with splenectomy.
Insect bites pose no risk to individuals with splenectomy.
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The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by proteins released by viruses.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by proteins released by viruses.
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Mannose receptors play a role in initiating phagocytosis.
Mannose receptors play a role in initiating phagocytosis.
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Histamine secretion by mast cells contributes to gut mucus secretion and helps with peristalsis.
Histamine secretion by mast cells contributes to gut mucus secretion and helps with peristalsis.
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The main role of IL-4 is to inhibit inflammation in response to helminths.
The main role of IL-4 is to inhibit inflammation in response to helminths.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not involved in the killing of microbes in phagolysosomes.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not involved in the killing of microbes in phagolysosomes.
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TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are examples of inflammatory mediators.
TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are examples of inflammatory mediators.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium.
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Pharyngitis is a common condition caused by streptococci.
Pharyngitis is a common condition caused by streptococci.
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TH17 cells are important for defense against extracellular bacterial infections.
TH17 cells are important for defense against extracellular bacterial infections.
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The alternative pathway can be activated by mannose on bacterial surfaces.
The alternative pathway can be activated by mannose on bacterial surfaces.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the killing of microbes during phagocytosis.
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the killing of microbes during phagocytosis.
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Antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells is a part of the immune response to streptococci.
Antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells is a part of the immune response to streptococci.
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The immune response to streptococci does not involve the recruitment of neutrophils.
The immune response to streptococci does not involve the recruitment of neutrophils.
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PAMP stands for pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
PAMP stands for pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
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IL-23 is an instructive cytokine that promotes T cell differentiation into the Th1 subset.
IL-23 is an instructive cytokine that promotes T cell differentiation into the Th1 subset.
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Isotype switching primarily leads to the production of long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow and gut.
Isotype switching primarily leads to the production of long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow and gut.
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Antibodies are primarily ineffective at activating complement and promoting opsonization.
Antibodies are primarily ineffective at activating complement and promoting opsonization.
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IL-17 is involved in promoting the B cell response to streptococci.
IL-17 is involved in promoting the B cell response to streptococci.
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Minimal isotype switching mainly leads to the production of IgG and IgA antibodies.
Minimal isotype switching mainly leads to the production of IgG and IgA antibodies.
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Memory B cells generated against streptococci reside primarily in the spleen and mucosa.
Memory B cells generated against streptococci reside primarily in the spleen and mucosa.
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The immune response to streptococci includes the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells.
The immune response to streptococci includes the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells.
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Heavy chain isotype switching leads to the production of only IgG antibodies.
Heavy chain isotype switching leads to the production of only IgG antibodies.
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Streptococcus species do not produce any exotoxins.
Streptococcus species do not produce any exotoxins.
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The alternative pathway of complement activation is initiated by peptidoglycans in the cell walls of fungi.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is initiated by peptidoglycans in the cell walls of fungi.
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Phagocytosis involves the use of mannose receptors and complement receptors to initiate the process.
Phagocytosis involves the use of mannose receptors and complement receptors to initiate the process.
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Th17 cells are important in fighting intracellular bacterial infections.
Th17 cells are important in fighting intracellular bacterial infections.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a strain that falls under the category of encapsulated gram negative bacteria.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a strain that falls under the category of encapsulated gram negative bacteria.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) play a role in killing microbes within phagolysosomes.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) play a role in killing microbes within phagolysosomes.
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High levels of IgE are not related to increased mast cell activity.
High levels of IgE are not related to increased mast cell activity.
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Eosinophil granules contain proteins that are beneficial for parasites.
Eosinophil granules contain proteins that are beneficial for parasites.
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TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are all inflammatory mediators produced in response to infections.
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 are all inflammatory mediators produced in response to infections.
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The phagocytic process leads to the direct killing of microbes through antibodies released by B cells.
The phagocytic process leads to the direct killing of microbes through antibodies released by B cells.
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The presence of IgE antibodies can aid in secondary infections.
The presence of IgE antibodies can aid in secondary infections.
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The recruitment of neutrophils is an essential part of the immune response to extracellular microbes.
The recruitment of neutrophils is an essential part of the immune response to extracellular microbes.
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IL-4 and IL-5 are associated with TH2 immune responses.
IL-4 and IL-5 are associated with TH2 immune responses.
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The lectin pathway is activated by the recognition of mannose on the surface of extracellular bacteria.
The lectin pathway is activated by the recognition of mannose on the surface of extracellular bacteria.
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Mast cells are ineffective in eliminating helminth infections.
Mast cells are ineffective in eliminating helminth infections.
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Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae are classifications of gram negative bacteria.
Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae are classifications of gram negative bacteria.
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Classical pathway activation occurs without prior antibody recognition.
Classical pathway activation occurs without prior antibody recognition.
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Antigen presentation by resident macrophages induces inflammation in response to bacterial invasions.
Antigen presentation by resident macrophages induces inflammation in response to bacterial invasions.
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IL-23 is secreted by antigen presenting cells and it affects T cell differentiation.
IL-23 is secreted by antigen presenting cells and it affects T cell differentiation.
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Staphlococcus aureus is an example of an organism that causes intracellular infections.
Staphlococcus aureus is an example of an organism that causes intracellular infections.
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B cell memory is established through direct exposure to the pathogen.
B cell memory is established through direct exposure to the pathogen.
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The primary role of macrophages is in the adaptive immune response.
The primary role of macrophages is in the adaptive immune response.
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Phagocytosis is utilized by immune cells to eliminate extracellular pathogens.
Phagocytosis is utilized by immune cells to eliminate extracellular pathogens.
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Hyposplenism is characterized by increased splenic function.
Hyposplenism is characterized by increased splenic function.
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Cytokines are released exclusively during the adaptive immune response.
Cytokines are released exclusively during the adaptive immune response.
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Helminths are primarily considered intracellular pathogens.
Helminths are primarily considered intracellular pathogens.
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B cells produce antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens.
B cells produce antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens.
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Antigen presentation is crucial for the activation of cytotoxic T cells.
Antigen presentation is crucial for the activation of cytotoxic T cells.
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Complement activation is a mechanism unique to the adaptive immune response.
Complement activation is a mechanism unique to the adaptive immune response.
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Inflammation only occurs in response to extracellular infections.
Inflammation only occurs in response to extracellular infections.
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IL-5 is important for the differentiation of T cells during humoral responses.
IL-5 is important for the differentiation of T cells during humoral responses.
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The immune response to viral infections primarily involves B cells.
The immune response to viral infections primarily involves B cells.
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Streptococci are an example of intracellular pathogens that can cause infections.
Streptococci are an example of intracellular pathogens that can cause infections.
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Hyposplenism can occur due to surgical removal of the spleen.
Hyposplenism can occur due to surgical removal of the spleen.
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Helminth infections are not influenced by the Th2 immune response.
Helminth infections are not influenced by the Th2 immune response.
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B cells complete their development in the bone marrow.
B cells complete their development in the bone marrow.
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Annual measurement of antibody titers is unnecessary for patients with hyposplenism.
Annual measurement of antibody titers is unnecessary for patients with hyposplenism.
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Cytokine IL-4 plays a key role in instructing T cell differentiation.
Cytokine IL-4 plays a key role in instructing T cell differentiation.
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Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for patients who have had their spleen removed.
Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for patients who have had their spleen removed.
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Eosinophils are not involved in responses to helminth infections.
Eosinophils are not involved in responses to helminth infections.
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Secretory antigens include signaling molecules that initiate inflammation.
Secretory antigens include signaling molecules that initiate inflammation.
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Functional hyposplenism can be caused by sickle cell anemia.
Functional hyposplenism can be caused by sickle cell anemia.
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IgM antibodies are produced primarily by long-lived plasma cells.
IgM antibodies are produced primarily by long-lived plasma cells.
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People who have undergone a splenectomy should be particularly cautious of insect bites.
People who have undergone a splenectomy should be particularly cautious of insect bites.
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Immunization should occur at least two weeks after a splenectomy.
Immunization should occur at least two weeks after a splenectomy.
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Histamine secretion primarily leads to decreased mucus production in the gut.
Histamine secretion primarily leads to decreased mucus production in the gut.
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The spleen plays a role in the storage of antibodies produced by plasma cells.
The spleen plays a role in the storage of antibodies produced by plasma cells.
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
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Mast cells do not contain substances that can directly kill worms.
Mast cells do not contain substances that can directly kill worms.
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in recognizing extracellular pathogens.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in recognizing extracellular pathogens.
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IL-13 is not important for the immune response against helminths.
IL-13 is not important for the immune response against helminths.
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In the B cell response to Streptococci, isotype switching predominantly leads to the production of IgA and IgD antibodies.
In the B cell response to Streptococci, isotype switching predominantly leads to the production of IgA and IgD antibodies.
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Long-lived plasma cells generated from IgM production reside in the spleen.
Long-lived plasma cells generated from IgM production reside in the spleen.
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The presence of memory B cells is crucial for mounting a swift immune response upon re-exposure to strep antigens.
The presence of memory B cells is crucial for mounting a swift immune response upon re-exposure to strep antigens.
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Streptococcus pyogenes primarily elicits a B cell response that results in the production of IgM as the major antibody.
Streptococcus pyogenes primarily elicits a B cell response that results in the production of IgM as the major antibody.
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Antibodies produced in response to Streptococci primarily function by neutralizing the pathogen without activating complement.
Antibodies produced in response to Streptococci primarily function by neutralizing the pathogen without activating complement.
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The minimal isotype switching associated with the B cell response generates high-affinity, long-lived plasma cells.
The minimal isotype switching associated with the B cell response generates high-affinity, long-lived plasma cells.
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IL-17 plays a critical role in the recruitment of neutrophils during the immune response.
IL-17 plays a critical role in the recruitment of neutrophils during the immune response.
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The primary function of IgM antibodies is to provide long-term immunity against infections.
The primary function of IgM antibodies is to provide long-term immunity against infections.
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TLR7 is responsible for the recognition of the surface of the Streptococcus.
TLR7 is responsible for the recognition of the surface of the Streptococcus.
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Macrophages primarily produce IL-22 and IL-17 as their main cytokines.
Macrophages primarily produce IL-22 and IL-17 as their main cytokines.
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The role of antibodies against Streptococcus includes opsonization.
The role of antibodies against Streptococcus includes opsonization.
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Complement activation is primarily driven by IL-4 and IL-5.
Complement activation is primarily driven by IL-4 and IL-5.
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The adaptive immune response does not involve antibodies against Streptococcus.
The adaptive immune response does not involve antibodies against Streptococcus.
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Opsonization can lead to phagocytosis of Streptococcus by immune cells.
Opsonization can lead to phagocytosis of Streptococcus by immune cells.
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TLR2 is the only Toll-like receptor involved in responding to Streptococcus.
TLR2 is the only Toll-like receptor involved in responding to Streptococcus.
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Cytokines produced by macrophages include TNF and IL-1.
Cytokines produced by macrophages include TNF and IL-1.
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The presence of IgE antibodies reduces susceptibility to asthma and allergies.
The presence of IgE antibodies reduces susceptibility to asthma and allergies.
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IL-4 and IL-5 levels are associated with the suppression of TH2 associated diseases.
IL-4 and IL-5 levels are associated with the suppression of TH2 associated diseases.
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Mast cells are responsible for the secretion of proteins that inhibit inflammatory responses.
Mast cells are responsible for the secretion of proteins that inhibit inflammatory responses.
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The role of IL-5 is significant in the response against helminths.
The role of IL-5 is significant in the response against helminths.
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Hyposplenism is characterized by an increase in splenic function.
Hyposplenism is characterized by an increase in splenic function.
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B cells complete their development in the spleen before producing antibodies.
B cells complete their development in the spleen before producing antibodies.
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Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with surgical removal of the spleen.
Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with surgical removal of the spleen.
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Functional hyposplenism can arise from diseases like Sickle-cell anaemia.
Functional hyposplenism can arise from diseases like Sickle-cell anaemia.
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Administration of vaccines should occur two weeks after splenectomy.
Administration of vaccines should occur two weeks after splenectomy.
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Macrophages and dendritic cells are primarily involved in the adaptive immune response.
Macrophages and dendritic cells are primarily involved in the adaptive immune response.
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Phagocytosis is primarily a mechanism of the adaptive immune system.
Phagocytosis is primarily a mechanism of the adaptive immune system.
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Short-lived plasma cells primarily produce IgG antibodies.
Short-lived plasma cells primarily produce IgG antibodies.
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Annual measurement of antibody titers is not recommended for individuals with hyposplenism.
Annual measurement of antibody titers is not recommended for individuals with hyposplenism.
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Streptococci pyogenes is considered an intracellular pathogen.
Streptococci pyogenes is considered an intracellular pathogen.
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The spleen plays a key role in storing short-lived plasma cells for antibody production.
The spleen plays a key role in storing short-lived plasma cells for antibody production.
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Complement activation is essential for the adaptive immune response.
Complement activation is essential for the adaptive immune response.
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The release of secretory antigens is crucial for the activation of innate immune cells.
The release of secretory antigens is crucial for the activation of innate immune cells.
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Th2 cells are essential for isotype switching towards IgG and not IgE.
Th2 cells are essential for isotype switching towards IgG and not IgE.
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B cell memory is established mainly through the activation of T helper cells.
B cell memory is established mainly through the activation of T helper cells.
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IL-4 functions as an instructive cytokine that causes T cell differentiation into the Th1 subset.
IL-4 functions as an instructive cytokine that causes T cell differentiation into the Th1 subset.
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Histamine secretion from mast cells does not have any impact on gut function.
Histamine secretion from mast cells does not have any impact on gut function.
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Inflammation is not a response associated with innate immunity.
Inflammation is not a response associated with innate immunity.
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Viruses can be classified as both intracellular and extracellular organisms.
Viruses can be classified as both intracellular and extracellular organisms.
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Helminths can be effectively combated by the immune response mediated by IgE and eosinophils.
Helminths can be effectively combated by the immune response mediated by IgE and eosinophils.
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Helper T cells are activated through antigen presentation by B cells.
Helper T cells are activated through antigen presentation by B cells.
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The cytokine IL-5 is crucial for IgE isotype switching and effective against helminths.
The cytokine IL-5 is crucial for IgE isotype switching and effective against helminths.
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PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors to trigger adaptive immune responses.
PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors to trigger adaptive immune responses.
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Eosinophils are involved in responses against intracellular pathogens.
Eosinophils are involved in responses against intracellular pathogens.
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Helminths are examples of multicellular parasites that can trigger an immune response.
Helminths are examples of multicellular parasites that can trigger an immune response.
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IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are all produced predominantly by Th3 cells.
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are all produced predominantly by Th3 cells.
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Antibodies play no role in the elimination of extracellular infections.
Antibodies play no role in the elimination of extracellular infections.
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Increased secretion of mucus in the gut due to mast cell activity assists in clearing intruding pathogens.
Increased secretion of mucus in the gut due to mast cell activity assists in clearing intruding pathogens.
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The primary function of the spleen is to serve as a storage site for red blood cells.
The primary function of the spleen is to serve as a storage site for red blood cells.
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Intracellular bacteria survive by evading the detection of the immune system.
Intracellular bacteria survive by evading the detection of the immune system.
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Chemokines are involved primarily in the adaptive immune response.
Chemokines are involved primarily in the adaptive immune response.
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Study Notes
Extracellular Infection Responses
- Focuses on the immune response to extracellular pathogens, like bacteria and parasites.
Immunology Lectures Outline
- Barrier Immunity: Physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers provide initial defense.
- Innate Immunity: Cytokines, inflammation, complement, and antigen presentation are key components of the innate response.
- Adaptive Immunity: T cells (cytotoxic and helper) and B cells (antibodies) target extracellular infections.
Lecture Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to describe how the immune system responds to extracellular infections, using streptococci and helminths as examples.
- Understand how innate immune cells detect these infections.
- Describe the roles of antibodies in eliminating the infection.
- Explain how B cell memory is established.
- Outline conditions causing hyposplenism and its management.
Immune Response to Different Infections
- Viruses
- Extracellular bacteria
- Intracellular bacteria
- Fungi
- Protozoan
- Multicellular parasites
Extracellular vs. Intracellular Infections
- Extracellular pathogens (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths) live and multiply outside host cells.
- Intracellular pathogens (viruses, some bacteria) infect and replicate inside host cells.
Examples of Extracellular vs. Intracellular Pathogens
-
Extracellular:
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Schistosoma mansoni
-
Intracellular:
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Viruses (truly intracellular)
Cooperation Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Macrophages and dendritic cells are initial defenses.
- Circulating antibodies target extracellular pathogens.
- Antigen presentation activates T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Overview of Immune Response to Extracellular Infections
- Innate Immunity to Extracellular Infections:
- Complement activation
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammatory response
Complement Activation
- Classical pathway: Activated by antibodies binding to pathogens.
- Alternative pathway: Activated by pathogen cell wall components.
- Lectin pathway: Activated by lectins binding to carbohydrates on pathogens.
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
- Phagocytosis, initiated by host cell receptors, kills microbes through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO).
- Inflammatory response also plays a vital role.
Adaptive Immunity to Extracellular Microbes
- T helper cells: Activate B cells for antibody production and promote inflammation.
- Antibody production (by B cells): Creates antibodies to neutralize the infection.
Summary of Extracellular Bacterial Infection
- The graph shows data related to the extracellular bacterial infection.
Immune Response to Streptococci
- Gram-positive, spherical bacteria
- Encapsulated, release toxins.
- Includes Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Medical Conditions (Streptococci)
- Pharyngitis (strep throat)
- Skin infections (impetigo, scarlet fever, cellulitis)
- More serious conditions (toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis)
Overview of Immune Response to Streptococci
- Extracellular microbe
- Macrophages initiate phagocytosis and inflammation.
- Neutrophils recruited.
- Antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells.
- Antibody production by B cells and isotype switching.
Recognition and Activation of Innate Immunity
- PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) trigger innate immune responses.
- PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) like TLRs recognize PAMPs.
- This activation initiates inflammation and innate immune responses.
TH17 Cells
- Important in fighting extracellular bacteria like Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida.
- Involved in inflammatory responses, recruiting neutrophils and releasing antimicrobial peptides.
B Cell Response to Streptococci
- T-dependent: IgG and IgA antibodies for general protection.
- T-independent: IgM antibodies, mainly for initial response.
- Long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells for sustained protection.
Antibody Responses
- Antibodies neutralize pathogens, activate complement, and promote opsonisation.
- IgG and IgM antibodies are crucial for neutralisation, opsonisation, and complement activation.
Hyposplenism
- Reduced or lost splenic function.
- Causes include congenital absence, surgical removal, or functional issues.
- Increased risk of bacterial infections, especially encapsulated bacteria.
Management of Hyposplenism
- Prophylactic antibiotics
- Immunizations
- Annual antibody titers measurement
- Patient education
Immune Response to Other Extracellular Pathogens
- Focus on examples like helminths (Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, etc.).
Th2 Cells and Helminth Infections
- Crucial for fighting helminth infections.
- Promote IgE-mediated inflammation.
- Recruit mast cells and eosinophils.
- Increase mucus secretion and peristalsis.
IgE and Eosinophil/Mast Cell-Mediated Reactions
- Mast cells release proteases and histamine during helminth infections.
- Eosinophils release toxic proteins.
- This response aids in killing or clearing the helminth.
Th2-Associated Diseases
- Increased susceptibility to asthma and allergies is associated with elevated Th2 activity and IgE.
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Description
This quiz focuses on how the immune system responds to extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. Students will explore barrier immunity, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity, specifically regarding T cells and B cells. By the end of the quiz, students will be able to describe key immune responses and their roles in combating infections.
