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Questions and Answers
What does immunology primarily study?
What does immunology primarily study?
- The development of vaccines for all diseases
- The body's defense mechanisms against infection (correct)
- The characteristics of various pathogens
- The history of medicine and treatment methods
Which term refers to the body's state of being resistant to a specific pathogen?
Which term refers to the body's state of being resistant to a specific pathogen?
- Allergy
- Susceptibility
- Infection
- Immunity (correct)
What was a significant drawback of variolation?
What was a significant drawback of variolation?
- It provided immunity against multiple diseases.
- It required more resources than vaccination.
- It was more effective than modern vaccines.
- It could initiate outbreaks of smallpox. (correct)
What discovery is Edward Jenner most known for?
What discovery is Edward Jenner most known for?
What do Koch's postulates primarily establish?
What do Koch's postulates primarily establish?
The term 'autoimmunity' refers to which of the following?
The term 'autoimmunity' refers to which of the following?
What does 'susceptibility' indicate in immunology?
What does 'susceptibility' indicate in immunology?
What was the fatality rate for variolated individuals compared to those who acquired smallpox naturally?
What was the fatality rate for variolated individuals compared to those who acquired smallpox naturally?
Which step is NOT part of Koch's Postulates?
Which step is NOT part of Koch's Postulates?
What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to immunology mentioned in the text?
What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to immunology mentioned in the text?
What did Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrate?
What did Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrate?
Which type of immunity is activated in response to a specific pathogen?
Which type of immunity is activated in response to a specific pathogen?
What significant event in immune studies occurred on July 6, 1885?
What significant event in immune studies occurred on July 6, 1885?
The serum from toxin-exposed guinea pigs is effective against which type of bacteria?
The serum from toxin-exposed guinea pigs is effective against which type of bacteria?
What is NOT true about adaptive immunity?
What is NOT true about adaptive immunity?
Which of the following best describes the concept of innate immunity?
Which of the following best describes the concept of innate immunity?
What is the primary focus of immunology?
What is the primary focus of immunology?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 R principles of immunity?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 R principles of immunity?
Who developed the smallpox vaccine?
Who developed the smallpox vaccine?
Which vaccine was developed first chronologically?
Which vaccine was developed first chronologically?
What is the role of phagocytosis in immunity as described by Elie Metchnikoff?
What is the role of phagocytosis in immunity as described by Elie Metchnikoff?
Which of the following is considered part of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following is considered part of adaptive immunity?
What significant contribution to immunology was recognized by the Nobel Prize in 1908?
What significant contribution to immunology was recognized by the Nobel Prize in 1908?
Which of the following diseases does NOT have a vaccine listed from the timeline?
Which of the following diseases does NOT have a vaccine listed from the timeline?
In the context of immunity, what does 'recall' refer to?
In the context of immunity, what does 'recall' refer to?
Which immune component is involved in the recognition of foreign antigens?
Which immune component is involved in the recognition of foreign antigens?
What is the primary function of the complement system?
What is the primary function of the complement system?
Which vaccine was developed for tuberculosis?
Which vaccine was developed for tuberculosis?
The 21st century saw the development of which vaccine for HPV?
The 21st century saw the development of which vaccine for HPV?
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Study Notes
Immunology: The Study of Immunity
- Immunology: focused on understanding the body's defense against infection.
- Immune response: the body's mechanism to defend itself against foreign particles or microorganisms
- Immunity: the state of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen.
- Susceptibility: The lack of immunity to foreign invaders.
- Immune system: The cells and molecules responsible for immunity.
- Non-infectious foreign substances and products of damaged or malignant cells can trigger an immune response.
- Autoimmunity: When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
Early Observations & Discoveries
- Variolation: The practice of exposing individuals to smallpox pus or scabs to induce a mild infection and immunity.
- Originated in China.
- Reduced fatality rate from 30% to 1-2% but still resulted in smallpox infection.
- Vaccination: Developed by Edward Jenner in 1796.
- Observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox.
- Hypothesized cowpox provided protection against smallpox.
- Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox pus and successfully induced smallpox immunity.
- The first live vaccine!
- The term "vaccine" derives from "vaccinia" (cowpox virus).
Germ Theory of Disease and Koch's Postulates
- Germ Theory of Disease: Suggests that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms.
- Koch's Postulates: A set of criteria to establish a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease.
- Isolation of a microorganism from a diseased host.
- Infection of a healthy host with the isolated microorganism.
- Onset of the same disease in the infected host.
- Isolation of the identical microorganism from the newly infected host.
Pasteur's Bacterial Cultures and the First Live Attenuated Vaccines
- Louis Pasteur researched bacterial cultures.
- Developed the first live attenuated vaccine for rabies in 1885.
- Attenuated vaccines use weakened versions of pathogens to stimulate immunity without causing disease.
Humoral Theory of Immunology
- Proposed in the early 1800s.
- Focused on the role of serum proteins or antibodies in immunity.
- Observations showed that serum from toxin-exposed guinea pigs could protect against subsequent lethal doses of the same bacterial toxin, but not from different strains.
Cellular Theory of Immunology
- Proposed by Elie Metchnikoff.
- Emphasized the role of phagocytosis (engulfment of pathogens) by immune cells in defense against infections.
The Dawn of Immunology - The Nobel Prize in 1908
- Awarded to Emil von Behring and Elie Metchnikoff "in recognition of their work on immunity."
- Marked a significant advancement in understanding the mechanisms of immunity.
Principles of Immunity - The 4 R Principles
- Recognition: The immune system distinguishes "self" from "foreign" antigens.
- Response: The immune system initiates a response to eliminate foreign invaders.
- Regulation: The immune system regulates its response to prevent excessive damage.
- Recall (Memory): The immune system remembers previous encounters with pathogens, enabling faster and more effective responses upon re-exposure.
Current Application of Immunology - Timeline of Lifesaving Vaccines
- 18th Century: Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
- 19th Century: Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine.
- 20th Century: Development of several crucial vaccines, including:
- Tuberculosis vaccine (1921)
- Influenza vaccine (1942)
- Polio vaccine (1953)
- Hepatitis B vaccine (1969)
- MMR vaccine (1971)
- Pneumococcal vaccine (1977)
- Hepatitis A vaccine (1995)
- 21st Century: Continued vaccine development, including vaccines for:
- HPV (2006)
- Ebola (2016)
- COVID-19 (2020)
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