Immunology Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

What does immunology primarily study?

The development of vaccines for all diseases

The body's defense mechanisms against infection (correct)

The characteristics of various pathogens

The history of medicine and treatment methods

Which term refers to the body's state of being resistant to a specific pathogen?

Allergy

Susceptibility

Infection

Immunity (correct)

What was a significant drawback of variolation?

It provided immunity against multiple diseases.

It required more resources than vaccination.

It was more effective than modern vaccines.

It could initiate outbreaks of smallpox. (correct)

What discovery is Edward Jenner most known for?

The development of the first live vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What do Koch's postulates primarily establish?

The causative relationship between pathogens and diseases Signup and view all the answers

The term 'autoimmunity' refers to which of the following?

The immune system attacking the host's own cells Signup and view all the answers

What does 'susceptibility' indicate in immunology?

The lack of immunity to foreign invaders Signup and view all the answers

What was the fatality rate for variolated individuals compared to those who acquired smallpox naturally?

1-2% vs 30% Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of Koch's Postulates?

Observation of the disease in the diseased host Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of Louis Pasteur to immunology mentioned in the text?

Development of live attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What did Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrate?

Immunity can be developed passively Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is activated in response to a specific pathogen?

Adaptive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

What significant event in immune studies occurred on July 6, 1885?

Vaccination against rabies by Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

The serum from toxin-exposed guinea pigs is effective against which type of bacteria?

Lethal doses from the same genetic strain Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true about adaptive immunity?

It provides immediate defense against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of innate immunity?

Provides generalized defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of immunology?

The mechanisms of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 R principles of immunity?

Reciprocation of information Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the smallpox vaccine?

Edward Jenner Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine was developed first chronologically?

Rabies Vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytosis in immunity as described by Elie Metchnikoff?

To engulf and destroy pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered part of adaptive immunity?

T Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution to immunology was recognized by the Nobel Prize in 1908?

Phagocytosis and immunity work Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases does NOT have a vaccine listed from the timeline?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immunity, what does 'recall' refer to?

The memory of a previous immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which immune component is involved in the recognition of foreign antigens?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the complement system?

To enhance immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine was developed for tuberculosis?

Calmette-Guerin Vaccine Signup and view all the answers

The 21st century saw the development of which vaccine for HPV?

Gardasil Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunology: The Study of Immunity

Immunology: focused on understanding the body's defense against infection.
Immune response: the body's mechanism to defend itself against foreign particles or microorganisms
Immunity: the state of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen.
Susceptibility: The lack of immunity to foreign invaders.
Immune system: The cells and molecules responsible for immunity.
Non-infectious foreign substances and products of damaged or malignant cells can trigger an immune response.
Autoimmunity: When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Early Observations & Discoveries

Variolation: The practice of exposing individuals to smallpox pus or scabs to induce a mild infection and immunity.
- Originated in China.
- Reduced fatality rate from 30% to 1-2% but still resulted in smallpox infection.
Vaccination: Developed by Edward Jenner in 1796.
- Observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox.
- Hypothesized cowpox provided protection against smallpox.
- Inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox pus and successfully induced smallpox immunity.
- The first live vaccine!
- The term "vaccine" derives from "vaccinia" (cowpox virus).

Germ Theory of Disease and Koch's Postulates

Germ Theory of Disease: Suggests that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms.
Koch's Postulates: A set of criteria to establish a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease.
- Isolation of a microorganism from a diseased host.
- Infection of a healthy host with the isolated microorganism.
- Onset of the same disease in the infected host.
- Isolation of the identical microorganism from the newly infected host.

Pasteur's Bacterial Cultures and the First Live Attenuated Vaccines

Louis Pasteur researched bacterial cultures.
Developed the first live attenuated vaccine for rabies in 1885.
Attenuated vaccines use weakened versions of pathogens to stimulate immunity without causing disease.

Humoral Theory of Immunology

Proposed in the early 1800s.
Focused on the role of serum proteins or antibodies in immunity.
Observations showed that serum from toxin-exposed guinea pigs could protect against subsequent lethal doses of the same bacterial toxin, but not from different strains.

Cellular Theory of Immunology

Proposed by Elie Metchnikoff.
Emphasized the role of phagocytosis (engulfment of pathogens) by immune cells in defense against infections.

The Dawn of Immunology - The Nobel Prize in 1908

Awarded to Emil von Behring and Elie Metchnikoff "in recognition of their work on immunity."
Marked a significant advancement in understanding the mechanisms of immunity.

Principles of Immunity - The 4 R Principles

Recognition: The immune system distinguishes "self" from "foreign" antigens.
Response: The immune system initiates a response to eliminate foreign invaders.
Regulation: The immune system regulates its response to prevent excessive damage.
Recall (Memory): The immune system remembers previous encounters with pathogens, enabling faster and more effective responses upon re-exposure.

Current Application of Immunology - Timeline of Lifesaving Vaccines

18th Century: Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine.
19th Century: Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine.
20th Century: Development of several crucial vaccines, including:
- Tuberculosis vaccine (1921)
- Influenza vaccine (1942)
- Polio vaccine (1953)
- Hepatitis B vaccine (1969)
- MMR vaccine (1971)
- Pneumococcal vaccine (1977)
- Hepatitis A vaccine (1995)
21st Century: Continued vaccine development, including vaccines for:
- HPV (2006)
- Ebola (2016)
- COVID-19 (2020)

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in immunology, including the immune response, immunity, and susceptibility to infections. It also delves into historical practices like variolation and vaccination, highlighting their significance in the development of immunology. Test your knowledge on how the body defends itself against foreign invaders and the critical observations that shaped modern immunology.