MS CH 18 Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

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Questions and Answers

What immunization should be administered to individuals when they reach 65 years of age?

Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis booster

Pneumococcal vaccine (correct)

Herpes zoster vaccine

Influenza vaccine

At what age is the herpes zoster vaccine recommended for adults?

65 years

50 years

60 years (correct)

70 years

How frequently should the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis booster be administered?

Only once in a lifetime

Every 15 years

Every 10 years (correct)

Every 5 years

Which of the following groups is more susceptible to infections according to gerontological issues?

Older adults Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the primary and secondary antibody responses illustrated in the figure?

Secondary responses are usually faster and stronger Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary antibody response to an antigen according to the graph?

Delayed appearance of IgG Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the higher incidence of cancer in older adults?

Proliferation of malignant cells that evade immune destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which immunization is not specified as a recommendation for older adults?

Hepatitis B vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by urine output of less than 30 mL/hour and the presence of protein in urine?

Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with glomerulonephritis?

Hematuria and flank pain Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding multiple sclerosis?

Decreased strength and coordination occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of rheumatoid arthritis compared to other forms of arthritis?

Swollen, painful joints and limited joint range of motion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant aspect of immune function testing with human genome mapping?

It can predict predisposition to diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to result in reduced immune function due to medication use?

Medications that suppress immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate a patient's exposure to potential immune suppression?

Having immune organs surgically removed Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT typical of myasthenia gravis?

Enhanced coordination and endurance Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario should a nurse consider patient-centered care when drawing blood?

The patient has allergies, such as to latex. Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviors can increase the risk of contracting infections impacting immune function?

Engaging in unprotected sex with multiple partners Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical change in urine characteristics due to transfusion reactions?

Hematuria and flank pain Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress affect the immune system?

It suppresses the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which component of patient history would provide insight into potential immune reactions?

History of skin reactions to common allergens Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible indicator of a life-threatening infection in patients with suppressed immune systems?

Low-grade fever without other symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of exposure to hazardous chemicals for immune function?

Risk of local or systemic immune reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Butterfly rash Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can help maintain optimal immune function?

Practicing safe sex and reducing risky behaviors Signup and view all the answers

In assessing a patient for immune disorders, which question is least relevant?

Are you currently taking any nutritional supplements? Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having a blood transfusion in relation to immune system assessment?

It may indicate the presence of antibodies to various antigens Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin condition may present as a rash in patients with HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma?

Painless purple lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant potential finding in the neurologic examination for immune disorders?

Confusion and lethargy Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom would most likely require immediate reporting to a physician in patients with compromised immune systems?

Low-grade fever Signup and view all the answers

Which question is crucial in determining the timing of a patient's symptoms related to immune disorders?

How long have you had the rash? Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common sign of inflammation or infection that may present in patients with immune disorders?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreased RBC count indicate in relation to pernicious anemia?

It is a sign of autoimmune gastritis. Signup and view all the answers

Which values represent the normal range for MCV in mm3?

80–95 Signup and view all the answers

An abnormal RDW result could help in determining which condition?

Types of anemia Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased WBC count typically indicate?

Immunosuppression or infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for MCHC in g/dL?

32–36 Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with an increase in WBC count?

Infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the MCH test in blood analysis?

It calculates the average hemoglobin content per red blood cell. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of anemia might you see the mentioned abnormalities in RBC size, shape, and color?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal percentage range of lymphocytes in adult blood?

20–40% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with elevated eosinophils?

Type I hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper limit of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) for a male?

15 mm/hr Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disorder is NOT commonly associated with a positive Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test?

Type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of a false negative result in the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate test?

Use of steroids or NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

The Rheumatoid Factor is typically positive in what percentage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cells has the lowest normal percentage in adult blood?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal level of anti-dsDNA antibodies in international units/mL?

200 Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor is most significant in assessing potential immune disorders?

Age and ethnic background Signup and view all the answers

Which question is least likely to provide useful information about a patient's immune status?

What is your favorite type of cuisine? Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know a patient's history of allergies?

It may indicate recent effects on their immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the patient's living environment may influence their immune health?

Presence of environmental allergens Signup and view all the answers

What familial information is significant when assessing a patient's immune system?

History of severe reactions in close relatives Signup and view all the answers

What could the presence of a recent exposure to environmental allergens indicate?

Potential acute immune system reactions Signup and view all the answers

How might one's birth location contribute to immune system assessment?

Suggests potential exposure to localized pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of asking about a patient's cultural background?

Certain cultures may have unique immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of bone marrow depression?

Joint pain Signup and view all the answers

How does the herbal preparation licorice interact with corticosteroids?

Increases their effects Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a patient's lifestyle is crucial for assessing immune function?

Dietary habits and supplemental vitamins Signup and view all the answers

What type of lung sound may suggest an allergic response?

Wheezing Signup and view all the answers

What should be observed during the physical examination of a patient with suspected immune disorders?

General appearance and skin characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may indicate potential immune suppression in a patient?

Exposure to latex Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of rashes should be assessed to gather information about immune disorders?

Size, shape, location, texture, drainage, and pruritus Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of inadequate dietary habits on immune function?

Decreased potential reserve of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by clear, yellow/amber urine without the presence of protein or pain?

Normal renal function Signup and view all the answers

In patients with myasthenia gravis, which symptom is most prominently observed during repetitive activities?

Loss of strength and endurance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings would most likely occur in a patient experiencing a transfusion reaction?

Hematuria and flank pain Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a severe complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and serum sickness?

Edema and protein presence in urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms does NOT typically occur in rheumatoid arthritis?

Painless and nonswollen joints Signup and view all the answers

What neurologic symptom is notably diminished in patients with multiple sclerosis?

Coordination and strength Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of gene testing in relation to immune response?

Identification of enzyme deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a significant change in urine output that warrants further investigation?

Urine output of less than 30 mL/hour Signup and view all the answers

What could an increased WBC count indicate in patients with immune disorders?

Immunosuppression and infection Signup and view all the answers

What information does the MCHC test provide in a blood analysis?

Concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs Signup and view all the answers

In patients with pernicious anemia, which laboratory value is indicative of an abnormal condition?

Increased RDW Signup and view all the answers

Which of these tests would likely be useful in diagnosing the cause of anemia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What does an abnormal finding in the MCV test usually suggest?

Variation in RBC size Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely associated with a decreased RBC count?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the RDW test in relation to anemia?

Helps differentiate types of anemia Signup and view all the answers

What might the normal range of WBC count indicate in a healthy individual?

Optimal immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of lymphocytes in adult blood as a percentage?

20–40 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is least likely to cause an increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

Fibromyalgia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune response?

Facilitate phagocytosis and mediate inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What false negative result might impact the accuracy of an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate test?

Use of steroids or NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is normally found at the lowest percentage in adult blood?

Basophils Signup and view all the answers

In what condition is the presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies most commonly observed?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a positive Rheumatoid Factor (RF) test?

It indicates the presence of rheumatoid arthritis in a majority of cases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following percentages reflects the normal range of eosinophils in adult blood?

1–4 Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to verify all allergies before administering medications or foods?

To prevent potential adverse reactions leading to serious health issues Signup and view all the answers

What might cause a nurse to consider allergies to shellfish as a serious concern?

True hypersensitivity reactions to shellfish can lead to severe adverse reactions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the proteins that can cause allergic reactions to shellfish?

They include a group of antigens called tropomyosins, needed for muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse keep in mind when using iodine-based antiseptics for patients with seafood allergies?

There is a high likelihood of cross-reactivity between seafood and iodine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding iodine and shellfish allergies?

All individuals allergic to shellfish are also allergic to iodine Signup and view all the answers

In assessing potential immune disorders, what is a critical element of patient history?

The detailed account of all allergic reactions experienced by the patient Signup and view all the answers

What change in the patient's condition might indicate an issue with renal function due to an immune disorder?

Elevated renal function studies alongside changes in urinary output Signup and view all the answers

What implication does a positive allergy history have for choosing antiseptics during patient care?

Increased vigilance should be taken when selecting antiseptics, though iodine may still be safe in the absence of shellfish allergy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is obtained through vaccination?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily involves the direct action of T cells against infected cells?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines humoral immunity?

Involvement of B cells and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What effect does aging generally have on immune function?

Decreased lymphocyte proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

In patients undergoing diagnostic tests for immune disorders, which type of data is primarily objective?

Physical examination findings Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient for immune disorders, which symptom would be most concerning?

Persistent low-grade fever Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following therapies is commonly used for autoimmune disorders?

Immunosuppressive drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lymphocyte directly attacks foreign cells during an immune response?

Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies play in the immune response?

Label foreign antigens for destruction Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells complete their maturation process?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is characterized by the involvement of T cells and B cells?

Specific immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is released by Natural Killer (NK) cells to induce cell lysis?

Perforins or granzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of B cells once activated?

Release antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Natural Killer (NK) cells are characterized by which of the following features?

Destruction of altered self-cells Signup and view all the answers

Which term is synonymous with antibodies?

Immunoglobulins Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor is particularly vital for understanding susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Patient's gender and ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

What condition exhibits a higher prevalence among Hispanic, Native American, Asian, and African American women compared to Caucasian women?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of diseases associated with gender or ethnicity?

They often have a genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What factor is least likely to influence immune system responses in a patient?

Patient's profession Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between the immune system and gender?

Women are affected by SLE nine times more than men. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to assess the family history of a patient when evaluating potential immune disorders?

To evaluate genetic predisposition to certain diseases Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the body's immune response is observed to decrease with age?

Perception of foreign tissue as harmful Signup and view all the answers

Which population group demonstrates the highest development rate of SLE compared to others?

African American women Signup and view all the answers

What impact does thymectomy have on the immune response?

Alters cell-mediated immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is linked to both genetic predisposition and increased incidence in certain ethnic groups?

Ankylosing spondylitis Signup and view all the answers

What role do identified genes play in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

They act as risk factors associated with the disease Signup and view all the answers

How does splenectomy affect immune function?

Reduces plasma cell production Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration during the nursing assessment of the immune system?

Collecting comprehensive head-to-toe data Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a common effect of aging on the immune system?

Increased incidence of certain cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which autoimmune disorder is explicitly mentioned as potentially having a genetic predisposition?

Ankylosing spondylitis Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is least likely to be associated with bone marrow depression?

Increased energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome when the immune system is compromised due to surgical history?

Altered immune system functionality Signup and view all the answers

Which herbal preparation can enhance the effects of corticosteroids?

Licorice Signup and view all the answers

Which finding during a physical examination might indicate an immune disorder?

Cyanosis or erythema Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal lung sound is most likely associated with asthma or an allergic response?

Wheezing Signup and view all the answers

In assessing a patient's dietary habits, what aspect is NOT relevant for understanding immune function?

Preference for organic foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following might NOT indicate an anaphylactic reaction?

Rash spreading slowly Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign noted during a physical examination for someone with potential immune dysfunction?

Unusual skin rashes Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory sound is typically associated with upper respiratory infections?

Crackles Signup and view all the answers

What urine output condition could be indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Urine output of less than 30 mL/hour with protein present Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is least likely associated with glomerulonephritis?

Painless joints Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most likely to result in decreased strength and coordination?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of urine during a transfusion reaction?

Dark brown urine indicating hematuria Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immune response, what is the relevance of human genome mapping?

It allows testing for predispositions to certain diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features distinguishes rheumatoid arthritis from other arthritic conditions?

Swollen, painful joints with limited motion Signup and view all the answers

What abnormality is suggested by the presence of hematuria and flank pain?

Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly linked to conditions that alter immune response?

Edema Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms

Active immunity: Immunity obtained through exposure to an antigen
Antibody: A protein produced by the body to fight off an antigen
Antigen: Any substance capable of inducing an immune response
Autoimmune: When the immune system mistakenly attacks its own body
Cell-mediated immunity: Immunity involving T cells attacking infected cells
Humoral immunity: Immunity involving antibodies produced by B cells
Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell crucial in the immune system
Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell that helps destroy pathogens
Passive immunity: Immunity obtained from another source, such as antibodies from a mother to child
White blood cells (WBCs): Cells that defend the body against infection

Learning Outcomes

Identify immunity acquired through vaccination
Describe two mechanisms of immunity: cell-mediated and humoral
Discuss the functions of different immunoglobulin classes in immune responses
Explain how aging affects the immune system
Describe subjective and objective data collection for patients with immune disorders
Explain nursing care for patients undergoing immune system tests
Discuss treatment options for immune system disorders

Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

Immunity: The body's ability to destroy pathogens or foreign material, preventing infectious diseases
Antigens: Chemical markers identifying cells or molecules; self-antigens are tolerated, foreign ones are destroyed
Lymphocytes: Three types: natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. NK cells destroy foreign cells, T cells attack, and B cells produce antibodies
Antibodies: Produced by plasma cells, attach to antigens, labeling them for destruction
Cell-mediated immunity: Targets intracellular pathogens (viruses/fungi), cancer cells, and foreign grafts using cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Humoral immunity: Targets extracellular pathogens (bacteria) using antibodies produced by B cells
Antibodies: Five classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) with varied locations and functions

Additional Information

Immune system components include lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, and chemicals activating cells
The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nodules, and the spleen; crucial in pathogen filtration and immune cell function
Aging affects immune system efficiency, making older adults more vulnerable to infections and autoimmune disorders.
Assessment of immune system includes history of allergies, medications, and past illnesses, as well as physical examinations.
Diagnostic tests for immune disorders include blood tests, biopsies, and skin tests, helping determine causes and diagnoses.
Therapeutic measures include medications, treatments to assist in immune function, and potentially surgical intervention.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms in immunology, including concepts like active immunity and the roles of different white blood cells. This quiz will help you understand various mechanisms of immunity, such as cell-mediated and humoral responses. Perfect for students learning about the immune system!