Lecture 1: Basic Concepts in Immunology PDF

Lecture 1 Basic Concepts in Immunology 09/07/2023 Learning Objective A Historical Perspective of Immunology Explain the focus of the science of Immunology and how this field originated What is Immunology? Immunology: the study of the body’s defense against infection “Immune” = resistant to inf...

Lecture 1 Basic Concepts in Immunology 09/07/2023 Learning Objective A Historical Perspective of Immunology Explain the focus of the science of Immunology and how this field originated What is Immunology? Immunology: the study of the body’s defense against infection “Immune” = resistant to infection. Latin immunis = “exempt” Immune Response: the mechanism by which organisms defend themselves against foreign particles or microorganisms. Immunity: the state of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen. Susceptibility: the lack of immunity to foreign invaders Immune System: the cells and molecules responsible for immunity What is Immunology? The physiologic function of the immune system is defense against infectious microbes; however, even non-infectious foreign substances and products of our own damaged and malignant (tumor) cells can elicit immune response. When self-molecules elicit immune responses - autoimmunity Timeline through the early development of immunology. Discoveries impacting on the immune system found prior to the 20th century. Early Observations Variolation The practice of exposing a person to pus or scabs derived from a person infected with smallpox in order to produce a weak infection. Variolation by inhalation was performed in China 1-2% fatality rate vs. 30% in naturally acquired infections Drawbacks: Still infected with smallpox. A variolated person could start an outbreak of smallpox https://collections.libraries.indiana.edu/iulibraries/s/smallpox-vaccine- exhibit/page/variolation 1739 Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Timeline through the early development of immunology. Discoveries impacting on the immune system found prior to the 20th century. Immunization From Variolation to Vaccination Edward Jenner 1796 Noticed unsuccessful variolation of farmers exposed to cowpox Hypothesized cowpox provided protection against Fig 1.1 Edward Jenner smallpox Inoculated 8-year-old boy with cowpox pus → smallpox immunity The word ‘vaccine’ comes from vaccinia, the cowpox virus, vaccinus is Latin The First Live Vaccine! Fig 1.2 The eradication of smallpox by vaccination Germ Theory of Disease The idea that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms Koch’s Postulates 1. Isolation of a microorganism from a diseased host 2. Infection of a healthy host with the isolated microorganism 3. Subsequent onset of the same disease found in the diseased host Robert Koch 4. Isolation of an identical microorganism from the infected host Timeline through the early development of immunology. Discoveries impacting on the immune system found prior to the 20th century. Pasteur’s Bacterial Cultures Louis Pasteur July 6, 1885 https://www.nature.com/articles/d42859-020-00008-5 Pasteur and Rabies Research https://www.pbs.org/ne wshour/health/louis- https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/contributors-history-general- pasteurs-risky-move-to- science/pasteurs-bacterial-culture-coleys-toxins-anomalies-and- save-a-boy-from-almost- landmark-discoveries certain-death The First Live Attenuated Vaccines Timeline through the early development of immunology. Discoveries impacting on the immune system found prior to the 20th century.  The Humoral Theory of Immunology Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato Serum proteins or antibodies Early 1800s. Serum of toxin-exposed guinea pigs is protective against later exposure to a lethal dose of toxin from the same genetic strain of bacteria, but not a different strain. Types of Immunity Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Timeline through the early development of immunology. Discoveries impacting on the immune system found prior to the 20th century. The Cellular Theory of Immunology Elie Metchnikoff’s View of Phagocytosis https://blogs.bu.edu/ait/files/2012/08/Tauber-Metchnikoff-Phagocytosis.pdf The Dawn of Immunology https://www.nature.com/articles/ni0708-705 The Nobel Prize in 1908 “in recognition https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1286457908002542 of their work on immunity” http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/immunology/readings/ConciseHistoryImmunology.pdf Principles of Immunology The 4 R principles of immunity Recognition of foreign antigens Distinguish “self” vs. “foreign” Response to eliminate Regulate to prevent things from going out of control Recall or memory  Current Application of Immunology Timeline of Lifesaving Vaccines 20th Century 18th Century 1921: Tuberculosis Vaccine – Albert Calmette & Camille Guerin 1798: Smallpox Vaccine – Edward Jenner 1942 Influenza Vaccine – Thomas Francis & Jonas Salk 1953 Polio Vaccine – Jonas Salk 1969: Hepatitis B Vaccine – Baruch Blumberg 1971: MMR Vaccine – Maurice Hilleman 1977: Pneumococcal Vaccine – Robert Austrian 1995: Hepatitis A Vaccine – Maurice Hilleman 2006: HPV Vaccine – Ian Frazer & Jian Zhou 1885: Rabies Vaccine – Louis Pasteur 2016: Ebola Vaccine 1896: Typhoid Vaccine – Almroth Edward Wright 2020: COVID-19 Vaccine Rheumatoid arthritis 19th Century 21st Century Asthma  PART DATE LECTURE TOPIC CHAPTER PART I: Sep 07 Basic Concepts of Immunology 1 An Introduction to Immunobiology and the Innate Principles of Innate and Adaptive Sep 12 1 Innate Immunity Immunity Immunity Sep 14 Cellular Mechanisms of Innate Immunity 3 Sep 19 The Complement System 2 Online Quiz #1 Sep 21 Guest Lecture – Microbiome PART II: Sep 26 Antigen Recognition 4 The Recognition of Antigen Sep 28 Antigen Receptor Generation 5 Oct 03 Antigen Presentation 6 Online Quiz #2 Oct 05 Lymphocyte Receptor Signaling 7 Oct 12 Midterm Review Oct 17 Guest Lecture – One Health Adaptive Immunity MIDTERM EXAM Oct 19 (In-person during class time) PART III Oct 24 T Cell-Development 8 The Adaptive Immune Response Oct 26 B Cell-Development 8 Oct 31 T Cell-Mediated Immunity 9 Nov 02 B Cell-Mediated Immunity 10 Online Quiz #3 Nov 07 11, 16 Immunological Memory and Vaccination Nov 09 Guest Lecture – NeuroImmunology PART IV: Nov 14 Immunity at Mucosal Surfaces 12 The Immune System in Health and Disease Nov 16 Immunity to Infectious Pathogens 13 Online Quiz #4 Nov 21 Autoimmunity and Transplantation 15 Nov 23 Hypersensitivity and Allergy 14 Nov 28 Guest Lecture – TBD Nov 30 Final Exam Review TBD FINAL EXAM Summary Immunology is the study of immunity from diseases and mechanisms used by the immune system to provide protection against pathogens and molecules that are recognized as foreign or abnormal. Immunology, in its modern form, is an experimental science in which explanations of immunological phenomena are based on experimental observations and the conclusions drawn from them. The development of immunology as an experimental discipline has depended on our ability to manipulate the function of the immune system under controlled conditions. Checkpoint Questions 1. Why were Edward Jenner’s observations critical to our understanding of immunology? 2. What key observations led to the discovery of soluble mediators that protect us from infection? 3. Vaccines have proven highly effective in reducing the incidence of many infectious diseases. Some diseases, such as diphtheria, have been virtually eliminated in the United States due to successful vaccination campaigns. Looking at the graph below, when was the diphtheria vaccine widely distributed in the United States? InQuizitive Quiz #1 How to use InQuizitive Due Sep 12, 11:59 PM