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Immunology: Tolerance, Hypersensitivity, and Mucosal Immunity
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Immunology: Tolerance, Hypersensitivity, and Mucosal Immunity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated?

  • Complement system activation
  • Antibodies of the IgG isotype
  • Antibodies of the IgE isotype (correct)
  • Cell-mediated response

    • What is the primary difference between central and peripheral tolerance?

  • Central tolerance is specific to T-cells, while peripheral tolerance is specific to B-cells
  • Central tolerance occurs in the thymus, while peripheral tolerance occurs in the spleen
  • Central tolerance involves the negative selection of T-cells, while peripheral tolerance involves the regulation of immune responses (correct)
  • Central tolerance is a mechanism of autoimmune disease, while peripheral tolerance is a mechanism of immune suppression

    • What is the underlying mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

  • Complement system activation
  • Antibody-mediated response
  • Cell-mediated response (correct)
  • Inflammation-mediated response

    • What is the result of a breakdown in tolerance?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mucosal immunity?

    <p>To protect against infections at mucosal surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification system used to categorize hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Gell and Coombes classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Fc receptors in immune complex-mediated disease?

    <p>To activate innate immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of immune complexes that determines their deposition site?

    <p>Complex size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism of serum sickness?

    <p>Immune complex-mediated vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of immune complex deposition in the Arthus reaction?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of complement deficiencies in immune complex-mediated disease?

    <p>Immune complex deposition in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus?

    <p>It is a disease that can mimic other conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD8+ CTLs in response to modified self-proteins?

    <p>Kill Ag-expressing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the formation of granulomas?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cytokine involved in the formation of granulomas?

    <p>TNFα</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Th1 cells in response to modified self-proteins?

    <p>Activate inflammatory macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which pentadecacatechol in poison ivy leaf interacts with cells?

    <p>It crosses cell membranes and modifies intracellular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of APCs in response to modified self-proteins?

    <p>Present modified self-proteins on MHC class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is characterized by the production of IgE antibodies?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are produced by Th2 cells and promote the release of IgE and activation of mast cells?

    <p>IL-4, IL-5, and IL-9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which IgG antibodies trigger the destruction of cells or tissues in Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies targeting the thymic stimulating hormone receptor?

    <p>Graves' disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of autoantibodies in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

    <p>Opsonization and complement fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the participation of eosinophils?

    <p>Type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Th2 cells in allergic reactions?

    <p>To activate B cells to switch to IgE production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Participation of eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of autoantibodies in Goodpasture's syndrome?

    <p>Targeting of basement membrane collagenase IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are typically affected by the accumulation of DNA, histones, RNA binding proteins, and immune complexes in SLE?

    <p>Skin, joints, and kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism underlying the development of glomerulonephritis in SLE?

    <p>Immune complex deposition at the glomerular basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the activation of TH1 helper cells, macrophages, and the release of inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of activated macrophages in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Antigen presentation and activation of T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe small molecules that can only elicit an immune response when bound to a larger carrier molecule?

    <p>Haptens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic time frame for the development of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>1-2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SLE, immune complex deposition occurs at the glomerular endothelium in kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T cell-mediated immune response is characterized by the production of IgE antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haptens can elicit an immune response without binding to a carrier molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type IV hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of eosinophils and mast cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoantibodies in SLE are primarily directed against histones and RNA binding proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated macrophages in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are less effective at antigen presentation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Th1 cells promote the release of IgE and activation of mast cells in allergic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoantibodies in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia target the basement membrane collagenase IV.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are recruited to the lung in asthma through the action of IL-5 and eotaxin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graves' disease is characterized by autoantibodies targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of mast cells and the release of histamine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myasthenia gravis is characterized by autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane collagenase IV.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies targeting the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type IV hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of eosinophils and the release of histamine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma is a type of Type II hypersensitivity reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gold is a common allergen that triggers a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pentadecacatechol in poison ivy leaf can modify extracellular proteins and are presented on MHC class II to CD4+ Th1 cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Th2 cells are involved in the formation of granulomas in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance is a state of excessive immune response to antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CD8+ CTLs kill antigen-expressing cells in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TNFα is produced by Th1 cells in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve the activation of TH1 helper cells and macrophages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tolerance is a mechanism that prevents the immune system from responding to harmless substances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucosal immunity is primarily mediated by the activation of B cells and the production of IgG antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gell and Coombes classification categorizes hypersensitivity reactions into five types, I to V.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases occur when there is a breakdown in peripheral tolerance, but not central tolerance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by the formation of granulomas and the activation of TH2 helper cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type III hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by the activation of Th2 cells and the production of IgE antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement deficiencies are associated with the formation of soluble immune complexes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Arthus reaction is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in response to injection of poorly catabolised foreign antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic antigens and DNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophil degranulation and vasculitis are characteristic features of Type I hypersensitivity reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Th1 cells are involved in the production of IgG antibodies in response to soluble antigens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies and involve mast cells, causing allergic responses to environmental antigens, with symptoms dependent on tissue location.

    • In Type I reactions, dendritic cells present antigens to Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, leading to IgE production and mast cell activation, resulting in the release of histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.

    • Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergic rhinitis and asthma, with treatments targeting IgE production and mast cell activation.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies and involve the activation of B cells by Th1 cells, leading to the production of antibodies that target extracellular matrix proteins and connective tissues.

    • Type II reactions can be triggered by innocuous foreign antigens, such as those on transfused red blood cells or platelets, or even drugs, and can result in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or disruption of normal cell function.

    • Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include Goodpasture's syndrome, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, and Graves' disease, with symptoms dependent on the specific target of the antibody response.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the formation of immune complexes, which can deposit in various tissues depending on their size, leading to the activation of innate immune cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines.

    • Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include serum sickness, the Arthus reaction, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with symptoms dependent on the site of immune complex deposition.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by T cells, particularly Th1 cells, and involve the activation of macrophages and the production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions.

    • Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis, granulomatous DTH reactions, and diseases such as diabetes type I and rheumatoid arthritis, with symptoms dependent on the specific antigen and site of reaction.

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can result from a breakdown in immune regulation and can lead to various diseases, with treatments targeting the specific mechanisms involved in each type of reaction.

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