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Questions and Answers
What factor is strongly related to increased disease activity in individuals with arthritis?
What effect does low social support have on disease activity?
In the context of Crohn’s Disease, what group experiences more stress compared to healthy controls?
Within the study on Crohn’s Disease, what characteristic is proposed to be linked to increased stress levels?
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Based on the hypothesis presented, what impact is expected when personal mastery levels are higher?
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What role does avoidance coping play in disease activity according to the text?
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Which group is expected to experience less stress according to the results presented?
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What does the text suggest about the relationship between low social support and disease activity?
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How does the presence or absence of social support affect stress levels in individuals with diseases?
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What relationship does personal mastery have with stress reactivity?
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In the study on Crohn’s Disease, what characteristic is linked to higher stress levels?
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How do individuals classified as high control or low fatalism relate to stress according to the text?
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High social support is associated with decreased disease activity compared to low social support.
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Avoidance coping strategies are linked to decreased disease activity compared to low coping strategies.
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People with arthritis who have high personal mastery are more likely to experience increased levels of stress.
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Poorly functioning individuals with Crohn's Disease experience less stress than their average functioning counterparts.
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The presence of internal locus and self-control is expected to reduce stress levels and the occurrence of flare-ups in individuals with Crohn's Disease.
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Match the following factors with their impact on disease activity:
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Match the following statements with their correct interpretations in relation to stress and disease activity:
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What type of autoimmune disease involves damaging many organs?
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Which autoimmune disease directly damages the pancreas?
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What characteristic is common among individuals with more than one autoimmune disease?
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Which autoimmune disease is classified as a Localized Autoimmune Disease?
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What type of autoimmune disease affects blood cells?
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In autoimmune diseases, what does constant/chronic inflammation refer to?
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What is suggested to be a major factor in the development of autoimmunity?
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Which autoimmune disease is associated with a male preponderance?
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What is a common symptom of autoimmune diseases according to the text?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a risk factor for autoimmune diseases?
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What is the primary cause of autoimmune diseases according to the text?
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Which factor is highlighted as having a major role in the development of autoimmunity?
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Which autoimmune disease affects the brain and spinal cord?
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What is the approximate prevalence of autoimmune diseases among the population in the United States?
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What is the gender ratio for individuals affected by Multiple Sclerosis?
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How is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus distinct in its inflammation pattern?
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Which autoimmune disease is more common in individuals of non-European descent?
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What distinguishes Autoimmune Diseases (AD) as a group?
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How does stress predispose to the development of autoimmune disease?
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What is the indirect communication between the hypothalamus and the lymph node in stress response?
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Which factor frequently precedes exacerbation of Multiple Sclerosis based on a study?
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How does stress in childhood affect the immune system later on?
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What does daily stress lead to in lupus patients based on the text?
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How does stress affect the course of disease activity according to the text?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Disease
- Also known as inflammatory disease, characterized by self-cells being attacked and damaged, leading to constant/chronic inflammation
- Attacking specific cells, organs, or areas
- Inflammation is the body's reaction to infection, irritation, or other injuries, and is part of the immune response
Classification of Autoimmune Disease
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: damage many organs, e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Lupus Erythematosus, Scleroderma
- Localized Autoimmune Diseases: damage a single organ or tissue, e.g. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease
Cause of Autoimmune Disease
- Unknown, but appears to be an inherited predisposition to develop autoimmune disease in many cases
- In some cases, a bacteria or virus triggers an immune response, and the antibodies or T-cells attack normal cells because they have similar structures to the infecting microorganism
Risk Factors
- Genetic factor
- Environmental toxins
- Gender: most autoimmune diseases tend to show a female preponderance
- Heredity
- Viruses
- Drugs
- Stress
- Poor diet
- Lack of exercise
- Lack of sleep
- Abuse of alcohol and tobacco
Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases
- Fatigue
- Affect on weight
- Muscle pain
- Insomnia
- Inflammation
Specific Autoimmune Diseases
- Crohn's disease: inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract, affects 400,000 to 600,000 people in North America
- Rheumatoid arthritis: inflammation of synovial joints, often leads to destruction of articular cartilage, affects 1% of the world's population
- Multiple Sclerosis: inflammation leading to demyelination of axons in the brain and spinal cord, affects 2 to 150 per 100,000 in the world
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: inflammation occurs almost anywhere in the body, including heart, lungs, and nervous system, affects 3-8% of the population in the United States, tends to be chronic, and 80% of those affected are women
How Stress Predisposes to the Development of Autoimmune Disease
- Alteration of one or many components of the immune system
- Increased susceptibility to infectious diseases
- Stress leads to higher likelihood of catching cold and infections
- Inability to fight off infections, leading to a less efficient immune system
Studies on Autoimmune Disease
- Study on Multiple Sclerosis: respiratory viral infection frequently precedes exacerbation of MS, stress as a common denominator
- Study on Childhood Stress and Later AD: early life experiences (adverse) can affect the immune system later on, 2+ adverse childhood events increase the risk of developing AD
- Study on Lupus Erythematosus: daily stress increases perceived symptomatology of lupus patients, prolactin increase
- Study on Stress-vulnerability Rheumatoid Arthritis: stress affects the course of disease activity, 'coping with stress' and 'social support' are two factors strongly related to disease activity### Stress and Autoimmune Diseases
- Stress and coping mechanisms are strongly related to autoimmune disease activity
- Low social support is linked to increased disease activity, while high social support is linked to reduced disease activity
- Avoidance coping mechanisms are associated with increased disease activity, while low avoidance coping is linked to reduced disease activity
Autoimmune Diseases
- Defined as a heterogeneous group of 70-80 inflammatory disorders
- Occurs when the immune response damages tissues in the body
- Affects 3-8% of the population in the United States
- 80% of autoimmune disease patients are women
- Can be classified into two categories: systemic autoimmune diseases and localized autoimmune diseases
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
- Damage multiple organs in the body
- Examples include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Lupus Erythematosus
- Scleroderma
Localized Autoimmune Diseases
- Damage a single organ or tissue in the body
- Examples include:
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (pancreas)
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis (thyroid)
- Celiac disease (intestinal)
- Crohn's disease (small intestine)
Causes and Risk Factors
- Unknown, but inherited predisposition is suspected
- Triggered by bacteria or viruses in some cases
- Risk factors include:
- Genetic factor
- Environmental toxins
- Gender
- Heredity
- Viruses
- Drugs
- Stress
- Poor diet
- Lack of exercise
- Lack of sleep
- Abuse of alcohol and tobacco
Symptoms
- Fatigue
- Weight changes
- Muscle pain
- Insomnia
- Inflammation
Stress and Immune System
- Stress can alter the immune system, making it more susceptible to infections
- Stress can suppress the immune system, making it less efficient to fight off infections
- Stress can trigger immune system malfunction, attacking self-cells
Studies
- Study on Multiple Sclerosis: stress is a common denominator in the development of MS
- Study on Childhood Stress and Later AD: early life experiences can affect the immune system later in life
- Study on Lupus Erythematosus: daily stress increases perceived symptomatology of lupus patients
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Description
Learn about autoimmune diseases, which involve self-cells being attacked and damaged by the immune system, causing chronic inflammation. Understand the classification of autoimmune diseases into systemic and localized categories.
