Immunology Quiz on Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity is achieved through vaccination?

Natural Active Immunity

Natural Passive Immunity

Artificial Passive Immunity

Artificial Active Immunity (correct)

What is a key characteristic of the innate immune system?

It relies solely on antibodies.

It provides long-lasting immunity.

It develops specific memory against pathogens.

It responds to pathogens in a non-specific manner. (correct)

How do maternal antibodies provide immunity to a fetus?

Through exposure to pathogens during pregnancy.

Through the injection of immune globulins.

Through vaccines administered in utero.

Through natural passive immunity via the placenta. (correct)

Which of the following is a physical barrier of the innate immune system?

Tightly packed skin cells Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of inflammation?

Enhanced blood flow to the affected area Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity provides immediate but temporary protection against toxins?

Artificial Passive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of natural active immunity?

Recovering from measles Signup and view all the answers

Cilia in the respiratory tract function primarily to:

Sweeps mucus and trapped particles out of the airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

Performing phagocytosis to destroy pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells acts as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does the complement system play in the immune response?

Enhancing the ability of phagocytes to clear microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in combating parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

Where does the maturation of T cells occur?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lymph nodes in the immune system?

Filtering lymph and trapping pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What does the lymphatic system transport throughout the body?

Immune cells within lymph Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes macrophages?

They perform phagocytosis and present antigens to T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

To produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How do memory B cells contribute to the immune response?

They provide a faster response upon re-exposure to the same antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes agglutination?

Clumping together of pathogens by antibodies enhancing phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What role does the paratope of an antibody play?

It binds specifically to an antigen's epitope Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the complement cascade?

Binding of antibodies to antigens on pathogen surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by T cells?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibodies in inflammation?

They activate the complement system Signup and view all the answers

What process allows antibodies to mark pathogens for phagocytosis?

Opsonization Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells mature in the human body?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B cells in the immune system?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection is a child with B cell deficiency most at risk for?

Extracellular bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of transplant rejection in patients receiving organ transplants?

Cell-mediated immune response Signup and view all the answers

What treatment options might be considered to prevent graft rejection in transplant patients?

Immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is required for T cell activation?

Both antigen-MHC complex and co-stimulatory signals Signup and view all the answers

Which T cell type directly kills infected or abnormal cells?

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of helper T cells?

Secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What do memory T cells do after an infection has been cleared?

Persist and respond quickly to re-exposure Signup and view all the answers

How do regulatory T cells contribute to the immune system?

Suppress the activity of other immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about MHC Class I molecules is true?

Found on all nucleated cells Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do cytotoxic T cells use to kill infected cells?

Inducing apoptosis via perforin and granzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell plays a role in maintaining immune tolerance?

Regulatory T Cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen's red pulp?

To filter blood and remove old red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is part of the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

Peyer's patches Signup and view all the answers

What role does Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) play in the immune system?

Defending against ingested pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MHC Class I molecules?

Present endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

What defines an epitope in immunology?

A specific part of the antigen recognized by antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigens to CD4+ helper T cells?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of antibodies produced by B cells?

They bind specifically to antigens to neutralize them Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows the adaptive immune system to respond more effectively to previously encountered pathogens?

Immunological memory Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs.
It defends the body against pathogens (harmful invaders).
It includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
It also features innate immunity, and the anatomy of the immune system.

Types of Immunity

Active Immunity

Natural Active Immunity: Exposure to a pathogen triggers an immune response and memory cells, like recovering from chickenpox.
Artificial Active Immunity: Vaccination exposes the immune system to a weakened or inactive pathogen, stimulating an immune response and memory.

Passive Immunity

Natural Passive Immunity: Antibodies are transferred from one individual to another (e.g., maternal antibodies to a fetus).
Artificial Passive Immunity: Antibodies are injected from an immune individual to provide temporary protection, like antivenom for snakebites.

Innate Immune System

The body's first line of defense against pathogens.
Non-specific; meaning it responds generally to pathogens, without long-lasting immunity.
Anatomical Barriers: Skin and mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering.

Skin

Acts as a physical barrier.
Tightly packed cells.
Sebum (acidic layer) impedes microbial growth.

Mucous Membranes

Line respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
Trap pathogens in mucus, which is expelled.

Cellular Components of the Immune System

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Neutrophils: Abundant, fight bacterial infections.
Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
Basophils and Mast Cells: Release histamine and mediators, critical in inflammation and allergies.
Monocytes/Macrophages: Phagocytic cells; engulf and digest pathogens and dead cells, present antigens to T cells.
Dendritic Cells: Antigen-presenting cells(APCs), capture and present antigens to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response.

Complement Cascade

Proteins working together to destroy pathogens.
Enhance antibody and phagocytic cell functions.
Attack pathogen membranes.

Lymphatic System

Transports lymph (fluid containing immune cells) throughout the body.
Filters out pathogens.
Facilitates immune responses.

Central Lymphoid Tissue

Bone Marrow: Primary site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production), including B cell maturation.
Thymus: Maturation site of T cells, where they learn to identify self-MHC molecules.

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue

Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph and facilitate antigen presentation & activation.
Spleen: Filters blood and removes damaged red blood cells, contains immune cells responding to blood-borne pathogens.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): Protects mucosal surfaces (e.g., tonsils, adenoids, Peyer's patches).
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Found in the gastrointestinal tract.

General Concepts in Immunology

Memory

Adaptive immune system "remembers" previous encounters.
Allows for faster, more effective responses to subsequent exposures.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

MHC Class I: Found on all nucleated cells, presents endogenous antigens (from within the cell) to cytotoxic T cells, killing infected cells.
MHC Class II: Found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), presents exogenous antigens (from outside the cell) to helper T cells, coordinating immune responses.

Antigen and Epitope

Antigen: Substance recognized as foreign, provoking an immune response.
Epitope: Specific part of the antigen recognized by an antibody or T cell receptor.

Antibody (Immunoglobulin, Ig) and Paratope

Antibody: Protein produced by B cells in response to an antigen.
Paratope: Part of the antibody that binds to the antigen's epitope.

Humoral Immunity

Mediated by B cells and antibodies.
Antibodies circulate in blood and lymph; targeting and neutralizing pathogens.
B Cell Activation: Antigen binding activates B cells.
Plasma Cells: Secrete antibodies specific to the encountered antigen.
Memory B Cells: Provide faster, stronger responses if the same antigen is encountered again.
Antibody Functions: Precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, inflammation, and complement activation.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Primarily mediated by T cells.
Crucial for defending against intracellular pathogens, cancer, and transplant rejection.
T Cell Activation: Recognition of antigens presented by MHC molecules.
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+): Kill infected or abnormal cells.
Helper T Cells (CD4+): Activate other immune cells.
Regulatory T Cells: Maintain immune tolerance.
Memory T Cells: Faster, stronger responses during re-exposures.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of immunity, including innate and adaptive systems, vaccination, and the roles of different immune cells. This quiz covers key concepts such as inflammatory responses, antigen-presenting cells, and the lymphatic system's functions. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the immune response mechanisms.