Immunology Quiz on B Cells and Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of memory B cells in the immune response?

  • Secretion of antibodies during the primary immune response.
  • Rapidly producing antibodies upon re-exposure to a specific antigen. (correct)
  • Differentiating into plasma cells that produce IgE antibodies.
  • Presenting antigens to T cells for activation.

    • What is the role of perinuclear clearing (halo) in B cells?

  • Signaling for B cell activation.
  • Storage of lysosomes for antigen degradation.
  • Housing the golgi apparatus for antibody modification. (correct)
  • Production of cytokines to activate other immune cells.

    • Which of the following cell types is primarily involved in IgE-mediated responses and parasitic infections?

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils (correct)
  • T helper 17 cells
  • Mast cells

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?

    <p>Predominantly mediated by T helper 2 (Th2) cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor contributing to the genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Genetic variations leading to self-reactive antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is responsible for the production of IL-17 in chronic inflammation?

    <p>T helper 17 cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between foreign body granulomas and immune granulomas?

    <p>Foreign body granulomas are primarily driven by foreign bodies like sutures, while immune granulomas are driven by persistent immune responses to infectious agents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key component of tissue repair?

    <p>Connective tissue deposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

    <p>Pallor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for vasodilation and increased permeability during the vascular phase of acute inflammation?

    <p>Histamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following steps in the inflammatory response involves the removal or neutralization of microbes causing injury?

    <p>Removal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of selectin molecules during the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

    <p>Promoting the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vasodilation contribute to the cardinal sign of calor (heat) during inflammation?

    <p>It increases the flow of blood to the area, increasing heat transfer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Rapid onset (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fibroblasts in the repair phase of inflammation?

    <p>They produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation can transition into chronic inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between the vascular and cellular phases of acute inflammation?

    <p>The vascular phase involves increased vascular permeability, while the cellular phase involves leukocyte recruitment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 5Rs in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To eliminate the offending agent and restore tissue integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the loss of function (functio laesa) a cardinal sign of inflammation?

    <p>Because it is a consequence of the damage caused by the inflammatory response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Recognition stage in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To identify the offending agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body ensure that the inflammatory response is terminated and healing can begin?

    <p>By activating regulatory mechanisms that suppress the inflammatory response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the function of leukocytes in the inflammatory response?

    <p>They are responsible for recognizing and eliminating the offending agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the temporal profile of the vascular phase during acute inflammation?

    <p>It is characterized by a rapid increase in vascular permeability followed by a gradual decrease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the formation of edema during inflammation?

    <p>It occurs as a result of increased vascular permeability and the leakage of fluids and plasma proteins into the interstitial tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can undergo regeneration if stem cells are present?

    <p>Labile cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force behind the replacement of dead cells by scar formation in permanent cells?

    <p>Macrophage activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth factors stored in the connective tissue ground substance during regeneration?

    <p>To initiate DNA replication and cell cycle progression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-cell is associated with promoting regeneration in the liver?

    <p>T helper (Th2) cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main sources of regeneration in the liver?

    <p>Remaining hepatocytes and progenitor cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that influences the extent of tissue regeneration?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of Kupffer cells in liver regeneration?

    <p>Phagocytose debris and regulate inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TGF-beta in liver regeneration?

    <p>Regulating the termination of regeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Lipoxin in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Lipoxin inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing the activity of neutrophils and macrophages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is responsible for presenting antigens to lymphocytes during chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation in terms of cellular infiltration?

    <p>Chronic inflammation features a predominantly mononuclear cell infiltrate, while acute inflammation is marked by neutrophils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of granulation tissue in the healing process?

    <p>Granulation tissue serves as a scaffold for the formation of new blood vessels and connective tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation in the lung?

    <p>Thickening of alveolar walls due to fibrosis and the presence of lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the origin and lifespan of macrophages?

    <p>Macrophages are derived from progenitor cells in the yolk sac and have a lifespan of months to years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a name for a specialized macrophage found in a specific organ?

    <p>Plasma cells (bone marrow) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a T helper (Th1) cell contribute to the inflammatory response?

    <p>Th1 cells release cytokines that enhance the activity of macrophages and promote their differentiation into M1 macrophages (pro-inflammatory). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T lymphocyte is primarily responsible for recognizing and killing cells infected with intracellular pathogens?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bcl-2 in the immune system?

    <p>Bcl-2 is a protein that inhibits apoptosis, making cells more resistant to cell death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why antibody staining is used in immunohistochemistry?

    <p>To determine the presence of specific proteins in cells, providing information about cell type and function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of Th2 cells in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Th2 cells promote the differentiation of macrophages into M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory, pro-healing). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>NK cells are part of the adaptive immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Memory B cells provide a rapid and enhanced immune response upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the paracortex and the lymphoid follicles in a lymph node?

    <p>The paracortex contains mainly T cells, while lymphoid follicles are enriched with B cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is primarily responsible for the destruction of virally infected cells, initially in acute inflammation?

    <p>NK cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the two types of T helper cells, Th1 and Th2, in terms of their effects on macrophages?

    <p>Th1 promotes M1 macrophages, while Th2 promotes M2 macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the complement system in acute inflammation?

    <p>To form pore-forming molecules via cleavage of complement proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a chronic wound that distinguishes it from an acute wound?

    <p>Underproduction of necessary molecules like growth factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of tissue repair that distinguishes it from tissue regeneration?

    <p>The formation of scar tissue composed mainly of collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common mechanism by which both wound suture and tissue repair by first intention contribute to the process of wound healing?

    <p>They both involve the apposition of wound edges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for the excessive deposition of collagen that leads to the formation of keloids during wound healing?

    <p>Myofibroblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular processes is primarily involved in the resolution of acute inflammation?

    <p>Apoptosis of neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the key difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation is a short-term response lasting up to 2 weeks, while chronic inflammation persists for 2 weeks or more. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the analogy of "war" apply to chronic inflammation?

    <p>It highlights the importance of a coordinated response involving various cells and molecules to fight the offending agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

    <p>They play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammation by recognizing and attacking the offending agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of regeneration in the context of tissue healing?

    <p>Regeneration involves the replacement of damaged tissue with functional cells of the same type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in tissue repair rather than regeneration?

    <p>A burn wound that destroys the stem cells in the affected area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines whether a damaged tissue will regenerate or repair?

    <p>The availability of stem cells and the ability of functional cells to proliferate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic inflammation?

    <p>Chronic inflammation can occur without going through the acute phase if the stimulus is severe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of inflammation?

    <p>To prevent the spread of infection and damage to surrounding tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is scarring a common outcome of tissue repair?

    <p>Scar tissue is made of connective tissue, which is less functional than the original tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Inflammation

    • Occurs within 2 weeks (old classification)
    • Involves vascular and cellular events
    • Termination occurs when the threat to the tissue is gone
    • Can progress to chronic inflammation if the stimulus persists or is severe

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Lasts two weeks or more (old classification)
    • Can occur without preceding acute inflammation if the stimulus is very severe
    • More specific to the offending agent
    • Involves macrophages, lymphocytes, and other cells.
    • Analogous to a war with different chemical components (traps), mechanical barriers (epithelium), and soldiers (leukocytes).
    • Can recruit cells from the acute inflammation phase.

    Repair

    • Regeneration involves functional cells regenerating to fix damaged cells
    • Dependent on the availability of stem cells that differentiate into specialized cells
    • Superficial tissue damage allows stem cells to proliferate and cover the defect again.
    • Repair involves the formation of a connective tissue plug/patch.

    Inflammation

    • Protective response to remove injurious causes and neutralize consequences of the injury
    • Can be pathologic
    • Involves:
    • Recognition: Identify the injurious agent
    • Recruitment of more inflammatory cells
    • Removal of microbes or damaged tissues
    • Regulation: Stop the process and begin healing
    • Repair
    • General steps [recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, repair]
    • Cardinal signs: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Rubor (redness): Due to vasodilation
    • Tumor (swelling): Due to permeability and fluid accumulation
    • Calor (heat): Due to blood flow increase/vasodilation
    • Dolor (pain): Due to nerve ending irritation
    • Functio laesa (loss of function): Due to injury to specialized cells

    Cellular Stage

    • Margination: Leukocytes/blood cells migrate to periphery due to blood flow turbulence
    • Rolling: Transient binding between selectin and glycoprotein molecules slows down WBC velocity
    • Adhesion: stronger binding via cellular adhesion molecules to keep leukocytes in position
    • Migration: Moving into the injured tissue through the endothelium
    • Chemotaxis: Chemokines attract leukocytes to the injury site

    Phagocytosis

    • Phagocytic receptors (mannose receptor, scavenger) recognize surface molecules on microbes or substances to ingest for removal.
    • Involves recognition, phagocytosis (engulfing), formation of phagosome (vesicle), and contact with lysosome (to release materials for degradation).
    • Enhances phagocytosis when coated with opsonins (antibodies, complement).

    Phagocytosis Granules

    • Granule contents can be released during "frustrated phagocytosis" in situations where cells are unable to ingest microbes
    • Various molecules within granules are released like myeloperoxidase, lysozyme (breaks down cell walls), defensin (disrupts cell membranes)
    • Specific granules found only in particular cell populations, neutrophils have collagenase, eosinophils have major basic protein, basophils have heparin and histamine

    Termination vs. Progression Stage

    • Termination occurs when the causative agent is eliminated.
    • Progression continues when the causative agent remains, leading to chronic inflammation.
    • Factors like lipoxin can halt the inflammatory process; macrophages and dendritic cells process debris and present it to phagocytes, if needed.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Involves infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes).
    • Tissue destruction may be due to the offending agent or "frustrated phagocytosis".
    • Attempts at healing are common in the form of granulation tissue formation.

    Regeneration

    • Regeneration depends on the tissue's ability to proliferate and preserve its stem cell niche.
    • Labile/stable cells can regenerate if their progenitor cells survive, as in epithelial tissue
    • Permanent tissue cells, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, cannot undergo regeneration.

    Angiogenesis

    • Development of new blood vessels.
    • Steps: vasodilation , basement membrane and pericyte separation, endothelial cell migration towards the site, proliferation, remodeling of tube, pericyte recruitment, suppression

    Repair by Scar Formation

    • Connective tissue deposition rather than restoration in injury repair.
    • Sequence of events: hemostatic plug, inflammation, cell proliferation, granulation tissue formation, progressive replacement of granulation tissue by collagen

    Repair by scar formation

    • Process of connective tissue deposition in tissue repair instead of regeneration
    • Sequence of events involves hemostatic plug formation, inflammation, cell proliferation, granulation tissue formation, progressive replacement of granulation tissue with collagen via TGF-B activation

    TGF-β (Transforming growth factor β).

    • Plays a dual role in promoting and regulating the healing process.
    • Promotes MAPK signaling and inhibits p15 which fosters tissue repair by promoting growth and reducing apoptosis
    • Mutual dependency of dimerization and trans-phosphorylation regulates TGF-beta activation
    • Cytoplasmic serine/threonine domains are phosphorylated.

    Remodeling of Connective Tissue

    • Deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) components are broken down by metalloproteinases.
    • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and stromelysins rearrange the ECM
    • Process is regulated by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).

    Clinical Application

    • Extent of damage determines whether healing occurs with regeneration/repair or scar formation.
    • Small defects allow for regeneration, while larger defects lead to scar formation via suture.
    • Correct suturing placement prevent extensive scar formation.

    Wound Suture

    • Methods of approximating tissues to aid healing
    • Recovers 70% of normal skin strength within 3 months

    Healing by Primary Intention

    • Occurs in small cuts, where tissues are swiftly closed, minimizing scar tissue formation
    • Epithelial cells proliferate, and healing occurs rapidly, with neutrophils being replaced by macrophages.

    Healing by Secondary Intention

    • Involves larger wounds, where tissues are not immediately approximated
    • Granulation tissue, fibrin, fibronectin, and collagen are involved, with the wound slowly contracting, to heal over time

    Lymphocytes

    • White blood cells, classified into B and T cells.
    • T cells are further classified into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic cells with specific roles in the immune response.
    • B cells produce antibodies to generate immunologic responses.
    • Natural killer (NK) cells are part of innate immunity and target infected cells that cytotoxic cells do not reach

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