Immunology Overview and Vaccine Reactions

Questions and Answers

When known or suspected adverse reactions have been detected, vaccines are __.

altered to improve or withdrawn from the market

Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the __ cascade which can result in cell or virus lysis.

complement

In or _ vaccines, a whole cell or intact virus preparation is used that cannot multiply but confers immunity.

killed; inactivated

Match each lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize:

B Cell = Whole, unprocessed antigen T Cell = Processed antigen bound to MHC molecule Signup and view all the answers

Cytotoxic T cells can destroy:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

__ are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response.

antigens Signup and view all the answers

What are the four characteristics that define passive immunity?

Long-term effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly?

constant region Signup and view all the answers

Match each antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule.

IgG = 2 IgE = 2 IgD = 2 Secretory IgA = 4 IgM = 10 Signup and view all the answers

In antibody-mediated immunity during a primary immune response, antibodies are produced and secreted by differentiated B cells called __ cells.

plasma Signup and view all the answers

T helper 1 cells have the following functions:

Activation of macrophages; Delayed hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of T cell with its activity.

Helper T cells = Activation of macrophages Regulatory T cells = Control T cell response Cytotoxic T cells = Destroy infected host cells Signup and view all the answers

List the steps of DNA vaccine preparation in the correct order.

(1) Extract DNA that codes for antigen from the pathogen genome (2) Insert pathogen DNA into a plasmid vector (3) Inject plasmid vector into host (4) Plasmid DNA is translated and transcribed by host cell (5) Host cell expresses foreign protein on surface to stimulate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen?

Portal of entry Signup and view all the answers

__ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by injection of preformed antibody.

passive Signup and view all the answers

__ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the cell surface.

cytotoxic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The CD8 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type?

cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

The more closely related two individuals are, the __ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.

higher Signup and view all the answers

A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and B cells is a or .

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.

natural killer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten?

Lipopolsaccharides Signup and view all the answers

LgE is in low concentration in the blood except during __.

parasitic infection & allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of __.

IgA and IgM Signup and view all the answers

True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Each different antibody differs in its __ binding groove.

antigen Signup and view all the answers

__ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.

perforins Signup and view all the answers

B cells that have made it through the maturation process have not yet encountered antigen so they are called __ B cells.

naïve Signup and view all the answers

All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte __ cell.

stem Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vaccine Reactions

Vaccines may be altered or withdrawn from the market due to known or suspected adverse reactions.

Immune System Components

Antibody binding to antigen activates the complement cascade, leading to cell or virus lysis.
Antigens are foreign molecules that provoke specific immune responses.

Vaccine Types

Killed or inactivated vaccines contain whole cells or intact virus preparations that are non-multiplying, yet confer immunity.
DNA vaccine preparation involves extracting pathogen DNA, inserting it into a plasmid, injecting it into a host, and prompting expression of foreign proteins to stimulate immunity.

Lymphocyte Functions

B cells recognize whole, unprocessed antigens.
T cells recognize processed antigens bound to MHC molecules.
Cytotoxic T cells destroy virally infected, cancer, and foreign cells.
T helper 1 cells activate macrophages and mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Antibody Characteristics

The constant region of antibodies has minimal amino acid variation.
Antibody classes vary by binding sites:
- IgG, IgE, IgD: 2 sites
- Secretory IgA: 4 sites
- IgM: 10 sites
Plasma cells, derived from differentiated B cells, produce and secrete antibodies.

Immune Responses

Passive immunity can be natural (e.g., through breast milk) or artificial (e.g., by injection of preformed antibodies).
Regulatory T cells prevent targeting of normal biota, control inflammation, and mitigate autoimmunity.
Cytotoxic T cells target infected cells by recognizing viral peptides on their surfaces.

Cell Types and MHC

The CD8 coreceptor is specific to cytotoxic T cells.
A higher genetic similarity between individuals correlates with a greater likelihood of sharing MHC class I molecules.

Antigenic Qualities

A molecule stimulating T and B cell responses is referred to as an antigen or immunogen.
Natural Killer (NK) cells resemble T cells but are not antigen-specific.
Haptens possess characteristics not typically displayed by larger molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides.

Antibody Structure

IgE is present in low amounts in blood, increasing during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
The J chain joins monomers of IgA and IgM in antibody assembly.
Each antibody differs by its unique antigen binding groove.

Lymphocyte Development

B cells and T cells mature in distinct locations within the body.
Activated cytotoxic T cells release perforins to create holes in target cell membranes.
Naïve B cells have matured without encountering antigens, entering circulation to find specific targets.

Lymphocyte Origin

All lymphocytes originate from a common lymphocyte stem cell.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in immunology, including vaccine types, immune system components, and the function of lymphocytes. Test your understanding of how vaccines work, the role of antibodies, and the interactions within the immune system.