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Questions and Answers
When known or suspected adverse reactions have been detected, vaccines are __.
When known or suspected adverse reactions have been detected, vaccines are __.
altered to improve or withdrawn from the market
Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the __ cascade which can result in cell or virus lysis.
Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the __ cascade which can result in cell or virus lysis.
complement
In __ or ___ vaccines, a whole cell or intact virus preparation is used that cannot multiply but confers immunity.
In __ or ___ vaccines, a whole cell or intact virus preparation is used that cannot multiply but confers immunity.
killed; inactivated
Match each lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize:
Match each lymphocyte with the type of antigen that it can recognize:
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Cytotoxic T cells can destroy:
Cytotoxic T cells can destroy:
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__ are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response.
__ are foreign molecules that elicit a specific immune response.
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What are the four characteristics that define passive immunity?
What are the four characteristics that define passive immunity?
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Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly?
Which of the following is the region of an antibody in which the amino acid sequence does not vary greatly?
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Match each antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule.
Match each antibody class with the number of antibody binding sites per antibody molecule.
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In antibody-mediated immunity during a primary immune response, antibodies are produced and secreted by differentiated B cells called __ cells.
In antibody-mediated immunity during a primary immune response, antibodies are produced and secreted by differentiated B cells called __ cells.
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T helper 1 cells have the following functions:
T helper 1 cells have the following functions:
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Match each type of T cell with its activity.
Match each type of T cell with its activity.
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List the steps of DNA vaccine preparation in the correct order.
List the steps of DNA vaccine preparation in the correct order.
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen?
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__ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by injection of preformed antibody.
__ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by injection of preformed antibody.
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__ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the cell surface.
__ T cells target virally infected cells through the recognition of viral peptides expressed on the cell surface.
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Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells?
Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells?
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The CD8 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type?
The CD8 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type?
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The more closely related two individuals are, the __ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.
The more closely related two individuals are, the __ the probability is that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.
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A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and B cells is a __ or __.
A molecule that stimulates a specific response by T and B cells is a __ or __.
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__ __ cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.
__ __ cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.
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Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten?
Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten?
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LgE is in low concentration in the blood except during __.
LgE is in low concentration in the blood except during __.
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In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of __.
In an antibody molecule, the J chain is a protein component that joins monomers of __.
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True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
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Each different antibody differs in its __ binding groove.
Each different antibody differs in its __ binding groove.
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__ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
__ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
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B cells that have made it through the maturation process have not yet encountered antigen so they are called __ B cells.
B cells that have made it through the maturation process have not yet encountered antigen so they are called __ B cells.
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All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte __ cell.
All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte __ cell.
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Study Notes
Vaccine Reactions
- Vaccines may be altered or withdrawn from the market due to known or suspected adverse reactions.
Immune System Components
- Antibody binding to antigen activates the complement cascade, leading to cell or virus lysis.
- Antigens are foreign molecules that provoke specific immune responses.
Vaccine Types
- Killed or inactivated vaccines contain whole cells or intact virus preparations that are non-multiplying, yet confer immunity.
- DNA vaccine preparation involves extracting pathogen DNA, inserting it into a plasmid, injecting it into a host, and prompting expression of foreign proteins to stimulate immunity.
Lymphocyte Functions
- B cells recognize whole, unprocessed antigens.
- T cells recognize processed antigens bound to MHC molecules.
- Cytotoxic T cells destroy virally infected, cancer, and foreign cells.
- T helper 1 cells activate macrophages and mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
Antibody Characteristics
- The constant region of antibodies has minimal amino acid variation.
- Antibody classes vary by binding sites:
- IgG, IgE, IgD: 2 sites
- Secretory IgA: 4 sites
- IgM: 10 sites
- Plasma cells, derived from differentiated B cells, produce and secrete antibodies.
Immune Responses
- Passive immunity can be natural (e.g., through breast milk) or artificial (e.g., by injection of preformed antibodies).
- Regulatory T cells prevent targeting of normal biota, control inflammation, and mitigate autoimmunity.
- Cytotoxic T cells target infected cells by recognizing viral peptides on their surfaces.
Cell Types and MHC
- The CD8 coreceptor is specific to cytotoxic T cells.
- A higher genetic similarity between individuals correlates with a greater likelihood of sharing MHC class I molecules.
Antigenic Qualities
- A molecule stimulating T and B cell responses is referred to as an antigen or immunogen.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells resemble T cells but are not antigen-specific.
- Haptens possess characteristics not typically displayed by larger molecules, such as lipopolysaccharides.
Antibody Structure
- IgE is present in low amounts in blood, increasing during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
- The J chain joins monomers of IgA and IgM in antibody assembly.
- Each antibody differs by its unique antigen binding groove.
Lymphocyte Development
- B cells and T cells mature in distinct locations within the body.
- Activated cytotoxic T cells release perforins to create holes in target cell membranes.
- Naïve B cells have matured without encountering antigens, entering circulation to find specific targets.
Lymphocyte Origin
- All lymphocytes originate from a common lymphocyte stem cell.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in immunology, including vaccine types, immune system components, and the function of lymphocytes. Test your understanding of how vaccines work, the role of antibodies, and the interactions within the immune system.
