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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action of passive immunization?
What is the mechanism of action of passive immunization?
- Injection of preformed antibodies inducing a rapid humoral response against a specific pathogen (correct)
- Stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies to fight a specific pathogen
- Activating the body's natural killer cells to target a specific pathogen
- Boosting the production of T cells to eliminate a specific pathogen
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
- Humanized monoclonal antibodies (correct)
- Nucleic acid vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines
- Subunit vaccines
What is a potential risk associated with passive immunotherapy?
What is a potential risk associated with passive immunotherapy?
- Generation of IgE antibodies causing systemic anaphylaxis (correct)
- Activation of natural killer cells leading to cytotoxic effects
- Stimulation of T cell-mediated immune responses
- Promotion of regulatory T cell activity
Passive immunization is indicated for the prevention of which of the following viruses?
Passive immunization is indicated for the prevention of which of the following viruses?
Which type of immune response do killed (inactivated) vaccines predominantly produce?
Which type of immune response do killed (inactivated) vaccines predominantly produce?
Why are organisms in killed vaccines inactivated by chemicals rather than heat?
Why are organisms in killed vaccines inactivated by chemicals rather than heat?
Which of the following diseases is prevented by a killed (inactivated) vaccine?
Which of the following diseases is prevented by a killed (inactivated) vaccine?
Which type of vaccine is dangerous for immunocompromised patients due to the potential of causing significant disease?
Which type of vaccine is dangerous for immunocompromised patients due to the potential of causing significant disease?
What is the primary advantage of live vaccines over killed (inactivated) vaccines?
What is the primary advantage of live vaccines over killed (inactivated) vaccines?
Which disease is prevented by a toxoid vaccine?
Which disease is prevented by a toxoid vaccine?
Which type of vaccine is only capable of producing IgM due to its inability to activate Th cells?
Which type of vaccine is only capable of producing IgM due to its inability to activate Th cells?
Which type of vaccine is comprised of capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein, creating a T cell-dependent immune response with class switching?
Which type of vaccine is comprised of capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein, creating a T cell-dependent immune response with class switching?
Which type of vaccine is indicated for use in infants and is comprised of 13 capsular serotypes?
Which type of vaccine is indicated for use in infants and is comprised of 13 capsular serotypes?
Which type of vaccine contains an immunodominant protein from the virus that is grown in yeast cells, such as the hepatitis B vaccine?
Which type of vaccine contains an immunodominant protein from the virus that is grown in yeast cells, such as the hepatitis B vaccine?
Which vaccine contains serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 and can prevent more than 90% of cancers?
Which vaccine contains serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18 and can prevent more than 90% of cancers?
Which vaccine has largely been replaced with conjugate vaccines due to its limitations in activating Th cells?
Which vaccine has largely been replaced with conjugate vaccines due to its limitations in activating Th cells?
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Study Notes
Passive Immunization
- Mechanism of action: transfer of pre-formed antibodies to provide immediate protection
- Example: administration of antibodies to prevent or treat diseases such as rabies or tetanus
Types of Vaccines
- Killed (inactivated) vaccines:
- Predominantly produce a humoral immune response
- Inactivated by chemicals rather than heat to preserve antigenicity
- Example: vaccine against Hepatitis A
- Live vaccines:
- Primary advantage: can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses
- Can be dangerous for immunocompromised patients due to risk of disease
- Toxoid vaccines:
- Example: vaccine against diphtheria
- Conjugate vaccines:
- Comprised of capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein, inducing a T cell-dependent immune response with class switching
- Example: vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
- Subunit vaccines:
- Contain immunodominant proteins from the virus, such as the hepatitis B vaccine
- Polysaccharide vaccines:
- Limited in ability to activate Th cells, inducing only IgM response
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine:
- Indicated for use in infants, comprised of 13 capsular serotypes
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine:
- Contains serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18, preventing more than 90% of cancers
- Polysaccharide vaccines (e.g. Pneumovax):
- Limited in ability to activate Th cells, largely replaced by conjugate vaccines
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