IMMUNOSEROLOGY (SPECIAL PRELIM EXAM)

Edward Jenner.

Koch's postulates are a series of criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease, significant for validating infectious disease etiology.

Specific immunity targets specific pathogens while nonspecific immunity provides a general defense against a broad range of invaders.

<p>Louis Pasteur developed the concept of vaccination and demonstrated that weakened pathogens could confer immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metchnikoff introduced the theory of phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Joseph Lister's introduction of antiseptic techniques reduced infection rates during surgeries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmunity involves the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues, while hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to a harmless substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thucydides is credited with documenting variolation in ancient Greece.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens are foreign substances that trigger an immune response, prompting the production of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henle was instrumental in proposing the germ theory of disease, which is foundational for understanding infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for a heightened immune response upon re-exposure to familiar antigens due to the presence of memory lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diversity enables the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide array of antigens, enhancing its effectiveness against different pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents autoimmune responses by ensuring that lymphocytes distinguish between foreign antigens and the body's own tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo contraction and some die due to lack of stimulation by antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialization allows the immune system to tailor responses optimally to specific types of pathogens, enhancing effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replicability increases the number of antigen-specific lymphocytes while mobility enables localized reactions for systemic protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are responsible for the production and maturation of lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow is the primary site for the production of blood cells, including lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus is located behind the breastbone and facilitates the maturation of T lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It collects fluid and antigens from tissues and transports them to secondary lymphoid organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells activate B cells, prompting them to divide and produce plasma and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasma cells produce antibodies that specifically attach to and neutralize the invading pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory cells help the immune system recognize and respond rapidly to previously encountered intruders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity is the body’s primary, non-specific defense, while the acquired immune response involves a specific reaction to pathogens after initial exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eater cells preferentially consume intruders that have been tagged by antibodies, enhancing the efficiency of the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferon type 1, primarily produced by infected cells, protects neighboring cells by inducing antiviral protein production and inhibiting viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphokines are made by lymphocytes, while monokines are produced by monocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemokines are cytokines that possess chemotactic properties, guiding the movement of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IFN-alpha inhibits viral replication, activates macrophages, enhances T-cell activity, and increases the cytotoxic action of Natural Killer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukins are cytokines made by one leukocyte that act on other leukocytes, facilitating communication and coordination in the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular weight influences immunogenicity; higher weights typically correlate with better immunogenic responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A more complex organism leads to a greater immune response due to the variety of potential antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitopes are the specific sites on antigens that are recognized by immune cells, determining immunogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins have complex structures and multiple epitopes, making them strong immunogens compared to other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of epitopes on an antigen increases proportionately with its size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excellent immunogens must be greater than $1,000,000$ Daltons, while good immunogens are greater than $40,000$ Daltons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most polysaccharides lack sufficient chemical diversity, which limits their ability to elicit a strong immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharides are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and function as strong immunogenic endotoxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intradermal route offers the strongest stimulus for immunization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller doses of an antigen are less likely to elicit an immune response compared to larger doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells are genetically programmed to produce one type of immunoglobulin that specifically recognizes a particular antigenic determinant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The B cell is stimulated and divides into many clones called plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM is more effective than IgG in causing agglutination of antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells mature in the bone marrow and migrate to lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and the spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens, neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alloantibodies are produced against antigens from the same species, autoantibodies target self-antigens, and xenoantibodies react to antigens from different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The clonal selection theory explains that specific antigens select pre-existing B cells with matching receptors, leading to the production of antibodies tailored to that antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The side-chain theory suggests that pre-existing receptors select for antigens, while the template theory posits that antigens mold the synthesis of specific antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies neutralize toxins and viruses, and they facilitate phagocytosis by marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of antibodies by plasma cells is triggered by antigenic stimulation following the differentiation of B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers