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Questions and Answers
What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?
What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?
Which pathway of the complement system is activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
Which pathway of the complement system is activated by bacterial cell wall structures?
What is the result of complement proteins covering microbes?
What is the result of complement proteins covering microbes?
What do cytokines do in the immune system?
What do cytokines do in the immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a pathway of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a pathway of the complement system?
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What role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in T cell activation?
What role do antigen presenting cells (APCs) play in T cell activation?
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Which of the following best describes the clonal expansion of lymphocytes?
Which of the following best describes the clonal expansion of lymphocytes?
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Which statement about T cells is incorrect?
Which statement about T cells is incorrect?
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What is the significance of memory cells in the immune system?
What is the significance of memory cells in the immune system?
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What is a distinguishing feature of B cells in the immune response?
What is a distinguishing feature of B cells in the immune response?
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What is the primary role of helper T cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of helper T cells in the immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?
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What is an immediate effect of histamine release by mast cells during inflammation?
What is an immediate effect of histamine release by mast cells during inflammation?
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How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?
How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity?
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What type of cells are primarily responsible for the generation of specific immunologic effector pathways?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the generation of specific immunologic effector pathways?
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What phenomenon can occur when T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
What phenomenon can occur when T cells mistakenly attack the body's own cells?
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Which effect does increased delivery of blood to the site of infection produce during inflammation?
Which effect does increased delivery of blood to the site of infection produce during inflammation?
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What is a common systemic response to infection as a result of inflammation?
What is a common systemic response to infection as a result of inflammation?
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What primary function do B lymphocytes perform?
What primary function do B lymphocytes perform?
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Which organs are primarily responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
Which organs are primarily responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?
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Which component of the immune system is NOT considered a barrier in the non-specific immune response?
Which component of the immune system is NOT considered a barrier in the non-specific immune response?
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What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?
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Which type of cells in the immune system is primarily responsible for phagocytosing pathogens?
Which type of cells in the immune system is primarily responsible for phagocytosing pathogens?
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What role does the complement system play in the immune response?
What role does the complement system play in the immune response?
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What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
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Study Notes
Immunology 1
- Module: Biomedical Sciences
- Lecturer: Ms Panayiota Lazarou
-
Assessment:
- Formative: Consolidation session
- Summative: eAssessment (Biomedical sciences)
- Aim: Apply dental therapy and hygiene principles derived from biomedical, behavioral, and materials sciences. Develop knowledge in immunology.
- GDC 1.1 is mentioned.
Intended Learning Outcomes
- Consolidate learning from the asynchronous session: Introduction to immunology.
- Identify organs and tissues of the immune system.
- Discuss origins and functions of cells in the immune system.
- Detail processes and functions of the non-specific and adaptive immune systems.
Consolidation of Learning
- Understand immunology.
- Elaborate on the characteristics and differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
- Identify immune cells: origins, types, and functions.
- Understand non-specific barriers.
Components of the Immune System: Primary
- Diagram shows primary lymphoid organs and tissues: tonsils, thymus, bowel, bone marrow, skin, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucous membranes in nose, throat, bladder, and genitals.
Organs and Tissues of the Immune System: Primary Components
- Bone marrow: All body's immune cells are formed here.
- B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
- Lymphocyte progenitors differentiate into B cells and T cells.
- Pre-B cells exit the bone marrow to secondary lymphoid tissues.
- Pre-T cells travel to the thymus, mature, then go to secondary lymphoid tissue.
Components of the Immune System: Secondary
- Diagram depicts secondary lymphoid organs and tissues: Tonsils, thymus, bowel, bone marrow, skin, lymph nodes, spleen, mucous membranes in nose, throat, bladder and genitals.
Cells of the Immune System
- Diagram shows various blood cells (monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, macrophage, erythrocyte, platelets).
- Details the development of blood cells from blood stem cells (lymphoid and myeloid stem cells).
Innate Immune System
- Non-specific immune system barriers: skin, mucous membranes, temperature, pH, chemical mediators, immune response, inflammation.
Humoral Factors of the Innate Immune System
- Complement system: complex enzyme group (complement factors 1-9).
- Three pathways: classical (activated by immune complexes), alternative (activated by bacterial cell wall structures), lectin (activated by bacterial cell wall structures).
- Cytokines: glycoproteins that influence the immune system. Key producers include helper T cells (Th cells) and macrophages.
Inflammation
- Phagocytes are brought to injured areas to:
- Isolate, destroy, inactivate pathogens.
- Remove debris.
- Prevent infection spread.
- Prepare healing.
- Recruit cells to control infection or repair damaged tissue.
- Mobilize effector cells (T and B lymphocytes).
Bacterial invasion/tissue damage (diagram)
- Diagram highlights effects of tissue damage: redness, heat, swelling, pain. The immune response includes phagocytosis. Inflammation triggers defenses against pathogens, including fever.
Adaptive Immunity
- Activated when innate immunity is ineffective.
- Specific to pathogens.
- Creates pathogen-specific effector pathways.
- Generates immunologic memory to eliminate subsequent infections.
Adaptive Immunity cont...
- T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs): T cells attack non-self pathogens but can sometimes mistakenly attack self.
- T cells are activated by immune cells.
- Clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes.
Overview of Processes in Primary Immune Response
- Inflammatory response.
- B cells create antibodies.
- T cells are activated.
T Cells: Differentiation and Function
- T cells recognize antigens associated with MHC on APC cell surfaces.
- Class I MHC molecules on infected cells.
- Class II MHC molecules on macrophages.
T-Cells differentiation and function cont...
- Helper T cells (CD4+) activate B cells and macrophages.
- Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) destroy infected cells.
B Cells
- Diagram shows B cell development, stages of proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells.
- Antibody production.
References
- Several website links are provided for further research.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Immunology as part of the Biomedical Sciences module. Focus will be on the immune system's organs and tissues, along with the differentiation between innate and adaptive immunity. Understand the functions of various immune cells and their roles in health and disease.
