Immunology: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
15 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

The following cells are the main players in the innate defense system:

  • neutrophils (correct)
  • dendritic cells (correct)
  • natural killer cells (NK) (correct)
  • lymphocytes (BT)
  • phagocytes (correct)

Physiological role of the immune system is:

  • Defence against infections (correct)
  • Control of tissue regeneration and scaring
  • Defence against transplantation
  • Defence against tumours (correct)
  • Inducing of allergy (correct)

Immunity:

  • passive immunity protect neonatal
  • active immunity is induced in humans by infections (correct)
  • passive immunity is induced in humans by vaccination (correct)
  • active immunity is induced if antibodies from another already immune individuals are intravenously administrated to patients with agammaglobulinemia
  • passive immunity is induced if lymphocytes from another already immune individuals are intravenously administrated to humans with immunodeficiency

Functions of adaptive immunity are:

<p>elimination of phagocytosed microbes by activation of macrophages, which are activated by cytokines secreted by helper T lymphocytes (B), blocking of infections by secretion of antibodies (C), killing of infected cells and elimination of infection reservoirs by cytotoxic lymphocyte T (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immune response:

<p>Antigen-presenting Cells (APCs) dendritic cells capture of antigen for initiation of lymphocytes T response (B), Effector B lymphocytes-plasma cells - develop in response to antigenic stimulation in peripheral lymphoid organs for antibody production (C), the unresponsiveness to self is called immunological tolerance (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines produced by T helpers by recognition of the microbial antigen presented by APCs:

<p>kill the infected cells (B), activate inflammation (C), activate B lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immunological memory:

<p>when memory cells encounter the same antigen that induced their development, the cells rapidly respond to initiate secondary immune response (B), cytokine are involve to generate memory cells (C), frequency of memory cells decrease with age (D), memory cells can survive for long periods in the absence of antigen (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues:

<p>the major components of the cutaneous immune system present in dermis are: plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocyte CD4+ and dermal dendritic cells; in epidermis: keranocytes, epidermal Langerhans cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte CD8+ (A), the macrophages in spleen ingest and destroy old red blood cells (C), blood-borne antigens are captured and concentrated by dendritic cells and macrophages in spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complement system:

<p>can be initiated by antibodies binding to microbes in alternative pathway (A), is activated when mannose binding lectin MBL, binds to its carbohydrate ligands on microbes in absence of antibodies and is a typical innate pathway of complement system activation (C), plays 3 main functions in defence: C3b by opsonisation and phagocytosis; C5a and C3a promote movement of leucocytes into tissue by inflammation; MAC formation disturb permeability of microbial cell membrane and leads to cell lysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Specificities of Toll-like receptors (TLR):

<p>TLR-5 is specific for bacterial flagellin of Gram-positive bacteria (A), TLR-2 is specific for bacterial lipopeptides of Gram-positive bacteria (B), TLR-4 is specific for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria (C), TLR-2 is specific for bacterial peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria (D), TLR-1 is specific for bacterial lipopeptides of Gram-negative bacteria (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation:

<p>TLR engagement by bacterial molecules increase expression of proinflammatory cytokines (A), arachidonic acid is a product of cellular membrane injury and activation of phospholipase A2 (B), COX1 and COX2 are activated in arachidonic cycle for prostaglandin expression (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antiviral defence:

<p>the RIG-like receptors (RLRs) are cytosolic proteins that sense viral RNA and induce production of antiviral type I interferon (A), RLRs recognise features of typical mammalian double stranded dsRNA (B), activated RLRs interact with mitochondrial antiviral-signalling (MAVS) (C), type I interferon production is stimulate by activation of the stimulator of INF genes (STING pathway) by binding of GAMP to endoplasmatico reticulum membrane adaptor protein STING after activation of CDSS (D), cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs) recognize double stranded dsDNA in the cytosol and initiate type I interferon production and autophagy (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Precipitation is used:

<p>in radial immunodiffusion to measure of the antigen titter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cases:

<p>non-productive cough, fever, increased lymphocytes in blood make it possible to suspect interstitial viral pneumonia (A), mutations in a single Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene, located on the X chromosome cause agammaglobulinemia ICD10 D800 (B), in Quincke's hereditary angioedema-HAE, C1-INH is strong increased (C), in systemic lupus erythematosus SLE complement system damages vascular endothelial cells and leads to nephropathy (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokine:

<p>IFN-gamma activates macrophages (A), TNF can started apoptosis of many cell types (B), Macrophages produce Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), IL-1 and IL-6 for synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phagocytes

Specialized immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.

Innate Immune Defense

The process of eliminating harmful microorganisms by specialized cells.

Defense Against Infections

A primary role of the immune system is to defend against harmful microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

Active Immunity

A type of immunity acquired through exposure to pathogens or vaccination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Passive Immunity

A type of immunity gained through antibodies from another individual, such as through breastfeeding or receiving an injection of immune serum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adaptive Immunity

The ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to specific antigens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Specialized cells that present antigens to T lymphocytes, initiating an adaptive immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clonal Expansion

The process of generating multiple copies of a specific immune cell type (B or T lymphocytes) specialized to target a particular antigen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immunological Tolerance

A state where the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Macrophage Activation

The process of activating macrophages to enhance their ability to kill pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

Specialized immune cells that can kill infected or cancerous cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokines

A group of signaling molecules that regulate various immune system functions and inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Cells

Immune cells that have memory of past infections, allowing for a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

Specialized lymphatic tissues found throughout the body, where immune responses are initiated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spleen

The largest lymphatic organ, responsible for filtering blood and trapping antigens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complement System

A system of proteins involved in the innate immune response, leading to the destruction of pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL)

A carbohydrate-binding protein that activates the complement system by binding to pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens, activating the innate immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inflammation

A protective response of the body to tissue injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

Cytosolic proteins that sense viral RNA and initiate the production of antiviral interferon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytosolic DNA Sensors (CDSs)

Cytosolic DNA sensors that recognize viral or bacterial DNA in the cytoplasm, triggering an antiviral response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

STING Pathway

A cell signaling pathway that activates the production of interferon in response to viral infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A potent cytokine that mediates inflammation and cell death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A type of cytokine that promotes inflammation and activates macrophages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)

A cytokine involved in immune cell activation and differentiation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrophoresis

A technique that separates proteins in a sample by size and charge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radial Immunodiffusion

A technique that measures the concentration of an antigen in a sample by its reaction with a specific antibody.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agammaglobulinemia

A condition characterized by a deficiency in B lymphocytes, leading to a lack of antibodies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immunohistochemistry

A technique used to detect and localize proteins in tissues and cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quincke's Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)

A deficiency in the C1-Inhibitor protein, leading to uncontrolled activation of the complement system, resulting in episodes of swelling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies against the body's own tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the Btk gene, leading to a deficiency in B lymphocytes and a lack of antibodies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Bacterial Infection

An acute inflammatory response triggered by bacteria, manifested by elevated IgG without IgM.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interstitial Viral Pneumonia

A type of pneumonia caused by a virus, often characterized by non-productive cough, fever, and increased lymphocytes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Innate Immune System

  • Main players: Dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK), neutrophils, phagocytes
  • Innate response is faster than adaptive response to new microbes
  • Immunological tolerance is the unresponsiveness to self
  • Immune system functions include controlling tissue regeneration, defense against infections, transplants, and tumors
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capture antigens for lymphocyte T responses

Adaptive Immunity

  • Active immunity develops from infections
  • Passive immunity develops through vaccinations or transfer of antibodies from another immune individual
  • Memory cells survive long-term and rapidly respond to re-exposure to antigens

Cytokines and Immune Response

  • T helper cells produce cytokines that activate macrophages, kill infected cells, and activate inflammation processes
  • Cytokines activate B lymphocytes

Lymphocytes and Immune Response

  • Helper T lymphocytes are activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
  • Plasma cells develop into effector B lymphocytes for antibody production
  • Lymphocytes are a type of cell of the adaptive immune system

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

  • Spleen is important for capturing and concentrating blood-borne antigens
  • Macrophages in the spleen destroy old red blood cells
  • Cutaneous immune system components include plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes (CD4+), and dermal dendritic cells in the dermis
  • Keratinocytes, epidermal Langerhans cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8+) in the epidermis

Complement System

  • Complement system plays a role in defense through opsonization (C3b), phagocytosis, inflammation (C5a and C3a), and cell lysis (MAC formation): a cascade of biochemical reactions of proteins involved in innate immunity.
  • Complement activation can occur through antibodies or by mannose-binding lectin which is an innate activation pathway

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

  • TLRs recognize specific molecules from microbes
  • TLR engagement increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules
  • Individual TLRs recognize particular structures such as bacterial molecules

Inflammation

  • TLR engagement increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules
  • COX-1 and COX-2 are activated in arachidonic acid cycle for prostaglandin expression

Antiviral Defense

  • RIG-like receptors (RLRs) sense viral RNA and induce type I interferon production
  • RLRs recognize typical mammalian double-stranded RNA features
  • Cytosolic DNA sensors recognize double-stranded DNA and initiate type I interferon production and autophagy
  • Type I interferons stimulate by the STING pathway

Cytokines

  • Macrophages, T cells, etc. produce cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1, IL-6) to elicit responses.
  • Cytokines regulate inflammation, cell death, and other aspects of immunity

Other Concepts

  • Precipitation is a technique used in various immunological tests.
  • Cases (e.g., HAE, SLE) may involve malfunctions in the complement system, leading to diseases.
  • Specificities of TLRs relate to recognition of distinct microbial parts. Examples include gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Immunology Colloquium 1 Past Paper - 2022-2023 - PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of the innate and adaptive immune systems in this quiz. Learn about the roles of various immune cells, the differences between active and passive immunity, and the function of cytokines in immune responses. Test your knowledge on how the immune system defends against infections and maintains tolerance.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser