35 Questions
What is the main focus of autoimmune diseases?
Damaging tissues of the body
Which type of immunity is nonspecific and older in evolutionary terms?
Innate immunity
What is the role of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in adaptive immunity?
Recognizing specific microbial invaders
Which cells are involved in mediating innate immunity?
Granulocytes and leukocytes
What is the function of memory cells in adaptive immunity?
Providing a rapid response upon recurring infection
Where are lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) distributed in the body?
Throughout different tissues in the body
What does innate immunity focus on defending against?
Non-specific threats
'Adaptive immunity produces _ cells that permit a rapid response if a specific microbe appears again.' Fill in the blank.
'Memory'
Where do lymphocytes primarily undergo activation and proliferation?
Secondary lymphoid organs
What is the function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system?
Recognize and bind surface components of invaders
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
Acts as a physical barrier against infections
What role do natural killer (NK) cells play in immunity?
Destroy unhealthy host cells
Which enzyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall components to kill bacterial cells?
Lysozyme
Why do some pathogenic bacteria avoid phagocytosis by granulocytes and macrophages?
By covering their cell walls with a capsule
What is the main function of complement activation by antigen-antibody complexes?
Rupture membranes of invading cells
How does opsonization contribute to the immune response?
It increases the efficiency of phagocytosis
What is the role of NK cells in the immune response?
Recognize antigens on infected cells and kill them
Which type of antibodies bind receptors for complement activation?
IgG and IgM
What is the primary source of complement system proteins?
Liver
How do antibodies optimize innate immunity through opsonization?
By enhancing phagocytosis efficiency
What happens when NK cells are activated?
They kill virus-infected cells
How do complement components help in the immune response?
Rupturing membranes, clumping cells, and activating leukocytes
What is the main function of cytokines in the immune system?
Stimulate growth in T lymphocytes and NK cells
Which statement accurately describes cytokines?
Coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses.
What is the primary role of antibodies in the immune system?
Interact specifically with antigenic determinants
Which cytokine is responsible for eosinophil proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
IL-5
What is the function of GM-CSF and M-CSF cytokines?
Promote growth and differentiation of leukocyte progenitor cells
In what type of immunity do antibodies primarily play a role?
Adaptive immunity
Which region of the immunoglobulin molecules is recognized by cell surface receptors on basophils and mast cells?
Constant Fc region
What component of immunoglobulins makes up an antibody's antigen-binding site?
Variable region
Which class of antibodies is the most abundant in blood?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin class crosses the placental barrier into the fetal circulation, conferring passive immunity to the newborn?
IgG
Which class of antibodies is mainly produced in an initial response to an antigen?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin class is bound at its Fc region to receptors on mast cells and basophils?
IgE
Which class of antibodies is least abundant in plasma and acts as an antigen receptor on B lymphocytes?
IgD
Explore the differences between adaptive and innate immunity, focusing on adaptive immune responses and the role of memory lymphocytes. Learn how cells in the immune system communicate using cytokines within lymphoid organs and during inflammation at sites of infection or tissue injury.
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