40 Questions
What is used to destroy the pathogen inside the phagosome?
Reactive oxygen species
What is the time frame for the production of ROS after internalization of an encapsulated cell?
15-60 seconds
What is synthesized first in the formation of microbicidal ROS during respiratory burst?
Superoxide
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of superoxide?
NADPH oxidase
What is the part of the immune system that the complement system is a part of?
Innate immune system
What is the role of the humoral immune response?
Antibody-mediated response
What is the body's first line of defense against germs entering the body?
Innate immune system
What is the outcome of the reaction catalyzed by NADPH oxidase?
Formation of superoxide
What do basophils and local mast cells secrete to facilitate fluid accumulation and lead to inflammation?
Histamines
What is the primary function of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
Producing protective antibodies
What is the role of hydrolyzing bacterial peptidoglycans in the immune system?
To cause membrane damage and kill bacteria
What is the function of antibiotic peptides in the immune system?
To become antibiotics and destroy invading pathogens
How do neutrophils travel to the site of infection?
Via diapedesis
What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in neutrophil granules?
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
What is the purpose of fluid accumulation in inflammation?
To allow neutrophils to travel to the site
What is the role of chloramines in the immune system?
To act as microbicidal agents without causing damage to surrounding tissues
What is the role of chemokines in inflammation?
To attract more WBCs
What is the result of increased inflammation and heat in the affected area?
Inhibiting the growth of invading organisms
What is the characteristic of the pus produced by the immune system?
It has a greenish color
What is the process called when a phagocyte forms and releases reactive oxygen species into a phagosome?
Oxidative burst
What is the function of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
To phagocytose invading organisms
What is the function of the enzyme in neutrophil granules?
To catalyze the production of chlorinated oxidants
What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?
20-25%
What is the role of proteins that bind specific elements in the immune system?
To inhibit the growth of certain bacteria
What is the function of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the Complement System?
It binds to glycoproteins and liposaccharides on the surface of specific microorganisms
Which pathway is stimulated by the presence of an antibody-antigen complex?
Classical Pathway
What is the role of C3 convertase in the Complement System?
It cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b
What is the function of C4b and C3b in the Complement System?
They are opsonins
Which pathway is antibody-independent in the Complement System?
Alternative Pathway
What is the result of the spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 in the Alternative Pathway?
Formation of C3 convertase
What is the function of C1 in the Complement System?
It is stimulated by the presence of an antibody-antigen complex
What is the result of the cleavage of C4 by C1 in the Complement System?
Formation of C4b and C2a
What is the role of C3 in the bloodstream?
To act as an inactive defense mechanism until triggered
What triggers the activation of C3?
Microbial debris
What is the result of C3 auto-hydrolysis?
C3 is cleaved into C3a and C3b
What is formed when C3b binds with Factor B?
C3b:B complex
What is the function of the C3b:Bb complex?
To act as a C5 convertase
What is the result of the Alternate C5 convertase (C3b:Bb) activity?
C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b
What is the specific target of mannose-binding protein (MBL)?
Mannose-containing carbohydrate moieties
Where is carbohydrate-binding serum protein (MBL) produced?
Liver
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