Immunology I: Introduction

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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity is considered the '1st line of defense'?

Innate immunity

Where are the cells of the immune system derived from?

Bone marrow

In the context of immune response, what happens to foreign molecules, microbes, or cells that cannot be destroyed?

They are isolated from the rest of the body

Which type of immunity involves the production and use of antibodies?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of innate immunity?

It provides immediate, non-specific defense Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is more diverse?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diseases are outside of immune-mediated diseases according to the text?

Inflammatory diseases Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions of most components of the immune system according to the text?

Recognizing foreign molecules, destroying foreign molecules, communicating between recognizing and destroying activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the adaptive immune system?

Specificity and diversity of receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a general function of myeloid-derived leukocytes?

Phagocytosis and inflammation Signup and view all the answers

How can primary lymphoid organs be distinguished from secondary lymphoid organs?

Primary organs produce mature lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a basic function of secondary lymphoid organs?

Differentiation of B and T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the immune system's recognition of self and tolerance?

Prevention of autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the innate immune response?

It has a limited repertoire of recognizable entities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity recognizes 'patterns'?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an immunogen?

A substance that can generate an adaptive immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a hapten?

It can bind to a receptor but cannot generate an immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of distinct antigens that the vertebrate immune system can recognize?

~10^16 Signup and view all the answers

What is the Clonal Selection Theory related to in the context of adaptive immunity?

Diversity of receptors passed on to daughter lymphocyte from parent Signup and view all the answers

Which cells secrete antibodies into the blood?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of T and B cell receptors are shuffled

Variable regions Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens are recognized by most antibodies?

Protein antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are T cell receptors best at recognizing?

Protein antigens Signup and view all the answers

When do T cell receptors recognize antigens?

Only when antigens are presented by other cells through antigen presentation Signup and view all the answers

What are the general characteristics of secondary immune responses?

Faster, larger, and involve relatively high-affinity B-cell receptors Signup and view all the answers

Both Bone marrow and the Thymus are considered SLOs (secondary lymphoid organs)

False Signup and view all the answers

Innate immune system is considered "hard-wired". ie. doesn't change throughout the lifespan of an organism

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Immunogen = A substance that can generate an adaptive immune response Epitope = The molecular entity that binds to the receptor Hapten = A substance that can bind to an antibody, but CANNOT generate an immune response Antigen = A substance that can bind to a receptor of the adaptive immune system Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding immune response system:

Response time: Hours à days = Innate Immune Response Response time: Days à 2 weeks = Adaptive Immune Response Memory: None Present = Innate Immune Response Memory: Present = Adaptive Immune Response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their description:

B cell Receptor = Expresses Ab on their surface and secretes Abs into the blood (aka Immunoglobulins – Igs) T cell Receptor = Structurally very similar to the Fab portion of an Ab and best at recognizing protein antigens Antibodies = Most bind to protein antigens – distinct sequences of amino acids and can recognize various molecules Lymphocyte receptor repertoire = The set of antigen (Ag) receptors in a given individual’s immune system Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their explanations:

Specificity: Recognition of a foreign molecule by high-affinity binding to a receptor = Adaptive Immunity Diversity: Vertebrate immune system can recognize ~10^16 distinct antigens = Adaptive Immunity Clonal Selection Theory = Explains the process where each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity Memory in the context of clonal selection theory = Explains how exposure to an antigen increases the adaptive immune system's ability to respond to the same or closely related antigen following re-exposure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding molecules or entities:

Light chains and heavy chain = B cell Receptor Variable regions = Portions that are “shuffled” and that can bind to antigen Epitopes on antigens = Different antibody affinities and recognized by B-lymphocytes Amino acid sequences on protein antigens = Bound by most antibodies and can be continuous or discontinuous Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes lie at junctions of ______

Lymphatic vessels Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes collect extracellular fluid (lymph) and return it to blood

True Signup and view all the answers

Spleen is considered a _____ for blood (hint: think of a function)

filter Signup and view all the answers

______ in the spleen produce large amounts of antibodies

B-cells Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of MALTs (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is to collect _______ from mucosal surfaces

antigens Signup and view all the answers

GALT include....

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Peyer's patches collect antigens from epithelial surfaces ofGI tract via...

M cells Signup and view all the answers

______ lymphoid organs bring antigen and lymphocytes together to initiate an adaptive immune response (Primary or Secondary?)

Secondary Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Immunology

Immunology is the study of the immune system, which has various functions, including protection from microbial pathogens, foreign cells, and damaged tissues, as well as facilitating regeneration and repair of tissues.

Characteristics of the Immune System

Recognition of foreign entities or damage
Destruction/neutralization of pathogenic entities
Recognition of self and tolerance
Specificity, memory, primary responses, and secondary responses
Repair and regeneration

Clonal Selection Theory and Adaptive Immune System

Relates to the functions and characteristics of the adaptive immune system

Leukocytes

Lymphoid-derived leukocytes:
- Microscopic appearance: varies
- Location: lymphoid organs
- General function: produce antibodies, recognize specific antigens, and activate immune responses
Myeloid-derived leukocytes:
- Microscopic appearance: varies
- Location: bone marrow, blood, and tissues
- General function: phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production

Lymphatic Tissues

Primary lymphoid organs:
- Function: site of lymphocyte maturation
- Examples: bone marrow, thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs:
- Function: site of antigen trapping and activation of immune responses
- Examples: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

Immune Response Overview

Innate immunity:
- "1st line of defense"
- Features cellular and molecular effectors that are less specific and genetically "hard-wired"
Adaptive immunity:
- Activated when innate defenses are breached (delayed)
- Features cellular and molecular effectors that are highly specific and genetically "changeable"

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