Adaptive Immune System and HIV
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of herd immunity?

  • It reduces the spread of pathogens.
  • It depends on the pathogen's infectivity.
  • It is achieved solely through vaccination. (correct)
  • It requires a significant portion of the population to be immune.

    • Which of these diseases is NOT a zoonosis?

  • Influenza (correct)
  • Rabies
  • Tuberculosis
  • Japanese encephalitis

    • What is the significance of calculating percent change when evaluating data about infectious diseases?

  • To determine the effectiveness of vaccination programs.
  • To assess the rate of disease transmission.
  • To understand the impact of public health interventions.
  • All of the above. (correct)

    • What is the primary purpose of vaccines?

    <p>To initiate an adaptive immune response without causing the actual infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative percent change indicate when analyzing data related to infectious diseases?

    <p>A decrease in the number of cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Rapid response to initial infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which HIV weakens the immune system?

    <p>HIV infects and destroys T cells, impairing the activation of B cells and antibody production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mode of HIV transmission?

    <p>Contact with contaminated surfaces like doorknobs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between HIV and AIDS?

    <p>HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is a syndrome characterized by severe immune deficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics function to combat bacterial infections?

    <p>They interfere with essential metabolic processes in bacteria, such as protein synthesis or DNA replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections?

    <p>Viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the host's cells for survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly explains the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

    <p>Random mutations in bacteria can lead to resistance to antibiotics, and the overuse of antibiotics selects for resistant strains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Adaptive Immune System

    A defense mechanism that produces pathogen-specific antibodies.

    Antibodies

    Proteins made by plasma cells to neutralize pathogens.

    Plasma Cells

    B cells that produce antibodies upon activation by T cells.

    Memory Cells

    Long-lived B cells that ensure faster response to re-exposure.

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    HIV

    Human Immunodeficiency Virus that attacks T cells, weakening the immune system.

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    AIDS

    Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome resulting from critically low T cells.

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    Antibiotics

    Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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    Antibiotic Resistance

    When bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatment.

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    Zoonoses

    Pathogens transmitted between species, especially animals to humans.

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    Examples of Zoonoses

    Common zoonoses include Tuberculosis, Rabies, Japanese encephalitis, and COVID-19.

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    Vaccines

    Substances that trigger an immune response without causing infection.

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    Herd Immunity

    When a large part of the population becomes immune to a pathogen, lowering its spread.

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    Percent Change

    Calculated by (Final Value - Initial Value) / Initial Value x 100.

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    Study Notes

    Adaptive Immune System and Immunity

    • The adaptive immune system is a critical defense mechanism against pathogens.
    • It focuses on producing antibodies specific to a particular pathogen.
    • Antibodies are proteins made by plasma cells.
    • Plasma cells are differentiated B cells, activated by T cells.
    • T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells like macrophages.
    • Antigens are proteins or other molecules on pathogen surfaces, recognized by the immune system.
    • Activation and antibody production take time, causing symptoms in the infected person.
    • Memory cells are differentiated B cells, remaining in the bloodstream long-term.
    • Memory cells enable a rapid, strong immune response on re-exposure to a pathogen.
    • Immunity is the ability to resist infection through antibodies and memory cells.

    HIV and AIDS

    • HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
    • HIV is found in bodily fluids like blood, vaginal secretions, and semen.
    • Transmission occurs through unprotected sex, needle sharing, blood transfusions, and childbirth.
    • HIV targets and destroys T cells, crucial for activating B cells and antibody production.
    • T cell destruction weakens the immune system's ability to fight infections.
    • AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) develops when T cell counts drop significantly, hindering antibody production.
    • AIDS patients are vulnerable to opportunistic infections, often fatal.
    • Anti-retroviral drugs manage HIV infection and prevent AIDS progression.

    Antibiotic Function and Resistance

    • Antibiotics are chemicals that disrupt the metabolism of prokaryotic cells (bacteria).
    • Antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis, DNA replication, and cell wall formation.
    • They combat bacterial infections but not viral infections as viruses lack their own metabolism.
    • Some organisms (like fungi) naturally produce antibiotics to eliminate bacterial competition.
    • Antibiotic resistance arises from random genetic mutations in bacteria.
    • Excessive antibiotic use promotes resistant bacterial strains.
    • Horizontal gene transfer spreads antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria.
    • Responsible antibiotic use is crucial to prevent resistance.

    Zoonoses

    • Zoonoses are pathogens transmissible between species, mainly from animals to humans.
    • Examples include:
      • Tuberculosis (cows to humans via unpasteurized milk)
      • Rabies (dogs/mammals to humans via bites/scratches)
      • Japanese encephalitis (pigs/birds to humans via mosquito bites)
      • COVID-19 (potentially bats to humans).

    Vaccines and Herd Immunity

    • Vaccines trigger an adaptive immune response without infection.
    • Vaccines introduce antigens, causing antibody and memory cell production.
    • Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population is immune to a pathogen (via vaccination or infection).
    • Herd immunity limits pathogen spread by reducing susceptible individuals.
    • The needed herd immunity percentage depends on the pathogen's transmissibility.
    • Vaccination safeguards those unable to get vaccinated (like immunocompromised individuals).

    Data Evaluation and Interpretation

    • Data evaluation involves analyzing and interpreting information.
    • Analyzing information includes calculating percentages and percent change.
    • Percent change is ((final value - initial value)/initial value) * 100.
    • Negative percent change indicates a decrease.
    • Percent change greater than 100 signifies a value increase exceeding 100%.
    • Data analysis is critical for understanding infectious disease impact and public health strategies.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the adaptive immune system, focusing on its mechanisms for producing specific antibodies and the roles of plasma cells and T cells. The quiz also delves into the impact of HIV on the immune system and how it leads to AIDS. Test your knowledge on immunology and the body's defense mechanisms against infections.

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