Introduction to Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the immune system?

  • To aid in digestion
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To prevent or eradicate infections (correct)
  • To produce hormones in the body

    • Which type of immunity is characterized by an immediate response to pathogens?

  • Cellular Immunity
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Specific Immunity
  • Innate Immunity (correct)

    • What role do T cells play in the adaptive immune response?

  • They enhance phagocyte activity
  • They directly attack infected cells (correct)
  • They produce antibodies
  • They prevent the entry of pathogens

    • What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    <p>Adaptiveness to different pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antigen?

    <p>Any molecule recognized by lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is characterized by the host's ability to mount a response after exposure to a microbe's antigens?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies assist in combating extracellular microbes?

    <p>They enhance the uptake of microbes by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>Recognize peptide fragments of protein antigens on cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the innate immune system acts as the first line of defense?

    <p>Epithelial barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phagocytes primarily responsible for in the immune system?

    <p>Engulfing and destroying pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines immunologic memory in the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Faster and larger immune responses to repeated antigen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of immunological memory?

    <p>It allows for long-term protection against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes passive immunity?

    <p>It can include receiving antibodies from another individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peripheral lymphoid organs play in the immune response?

    <p>They promote the development of adaptive immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

    <p>Humoral relies on antibodies, while cellular involves direct cell attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates T cells from B cells?

    <p>T cells only recognize protein antigens, while B cells recognize multiple molecule types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an essential function of generative lymphoid organs?

    <p>They are the sites where T and B lymphocytes mature and gain competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does immunization confer long-lasting protection against infections?

    <p>By ensuring the production of antibodies in response to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the immune system?

    <p>Defend the body against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>Immediate response to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for cleaning up pathogens and alerting T cells?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is part of adaptive immunity?

    <p>T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Adaptive immunity has memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytotoxic T cells defend the body?

    <p>By destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Call for backup by activating other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune system serves as a physical barrier to pathogens?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during antigen recognition?

    <p>T and B cells identify specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is immunological memory?

    <p>Long term protection against previously encountered pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of an autoimmune disorder?

    <p>The immune system attacks the body’s own tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most likely to respond first during an infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when plasma cells are activated?

    <p>They secrete antibodies to neutralize pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is crucial for the activation of helper T cells?

    <p>Interleukin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the humoral immune response from the cellular immune response?

    <p>Humoral immunity targets extracellular pathogens, while cellular immunity targets intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency is characterized by the inability to produce functional B or T cells?

    <p>Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the complement system play in immunity?

    <p>It lyses pathogens and enhances phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Immunology

    • Immunology is the study of immune responses and cellular/molecular events in response to microbes and foreign molecules.
    • The immune system's primary function is to prevent or eliminate infections.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Understand the basic concepts of the immune system, including its functions and components.
    • Identify the differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Describe the roles of immune cells (T cells, B cells, phagocytes) in pathogen defense.
    • Explain antigen recognition and immune response generation.
    • Discuss the importance of immunological memory and its role in long-term protection.
    • Explore the relationship between immunity and disease (autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies).
    • Analyze the impact of immunization on public health and disease prevention.

    Immunity

    • Latin origin: "immunitas" - protection of Roman senators.
    • Resistance to pathogens.
    • Reactions to non-infectious substances (harmless environmental molecules, tumors, or even unaltered host components) are also considered immunity.

    Immune System-Immune Response

    • The immune system comprises cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate immune reactions.
    • The coordinated response of these components constitutes the immune response.

    Immunology Definition

    • The study of immune responses to microbes and other foreign materials.

    Role of the Immune System Implications

    • Defense against infection: Inadequate immunity leads to increased susceptibility to infections (e.g., AIDS). Vaccination strengthens immune responses.
    • Defense against tumors: There is potential for immunotherapy.
    • Control of tissue regeneration and scarring: Repair of damaged tissues.
    • Immune system's role in injury and inflammation: Immune responses can cause inflammation (e.g. allergic, autoimmune diseases).
    • Transplantation and gene therapy: The immune system acts as a barrier.

    Stimulating Immune Responses Through Vaccination

    • Charts detail the maximum number of cases and cases in 2014 for various diseases (e.g., diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, polio, rubella, tetanus, Hemophilus influenzae type B infection, Hepatitis B).

    Host Defenses

    • Innate immunity provides immediate protection against microbial invasion.
    • Adaptive immunity develops protection more slowly but provides specialized defense mechanisms.

    Innate Immunity

    • Present in healthy individuals.
    • Designed to block the entry of microbes and quickly eliminate invading microbes.
    • First line of defense: epithelial barriers (skin and mucosal tissues), cells, and natural antibiotics in epithelia.
    • If microbes penetrate the epithelial barriers, other innate components like phagocytes (e.g., macrophages), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and plasma proteins (e.g., complement system) take over.
    • Innate immunity is required to trigger adaptive immune responses against infectious agents.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Lymphocytes with highly variable receptors recognize foreign materials.
    • The resulting products (e.g., antibodies) and cells target specific foreign substances.
    • Cells and molecules of innate immunity recognize structures shared by microbes' classes.
    • Adaptive lymphocytes recognize a wider variety of molecules (microbes and non-infectious).
    • Any molecule specifically recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies is an antigen.
    • Lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells (e.g., myeloid cells).
    • Cells and components of the immune system (B cells and T cells, macrophages)
    • Bone marrow is the source for hematopoiesis (production of blood cells) including lymphocytes.
    • Adaptive immunity depends on specialized response mechanisms (different cells and molecules for intracellular and extracellular microbes).

    Humoral Immunity

    • Antibodies mediate humoral immunity.
    • B lymphocytes produce antibodies.
    • Antibodies target extracellular microbes.
    • Antibodies enhance the uptake and elimination of extracellular microbes by phagocytes.
    • Antibodies circulate in fluids (tissue fluids, mucosal organs).

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • T lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated immunity.
    • T cells target microbes that have entered host cells.
    • Specialized T cell types eliminate intracellular microbes (killer T cells) and coordinate the response involving other cells (helper T cells)
    • B and T cell specificities differ; T cells mostly recognize peptide fragments of proteins presented on cell surfaces. 
    • B cells and antibodies recognize numerous molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids).

    Memory

    • Adaptive immune system creates immunological memory.
    • Faster, larger, and more effective responses to repeated exposures to the same antigen.
    • Vaccines rely on this principle to provide long-lasting protection.

    Active vs. Passive Immunity

    • Active immunity: Immunity in an individual who is exposed to the antigens of a microbe and mounts a response, resulting in resistance to that microbe.
    • Passive immunity: Immunity conferred on a naive individual by transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes (often from actively immunized individuals) to provide resistance; using modern bioengineering.

    Cells of the Immune System

    • Lymphocytes: Adaptive immunity cells; recognize antigens and develop into defense function cells.
    • Antigen-presenting cells: Cells that capture antigens and display them to lymphocytes.
    • Effector cells: Leukocytes (white blood cells) that eliminate microbes ("effectors" of the immune response); may be lymphocytes or other leukocytes.

    Tissues of the Immune System

    • Lists specific tissues (e.g., tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood, skin, intestines, liver, lungs).
    • Provide approximate lymphocyte counts.

    Generative Lymphoid Organs

    • Sites (e.g., bone marrow, thymus) where immune cells develop/mature.

    Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

    • Areas (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous immune systems) where lymphocytes interact and mount responses to antigens.

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    Description

    Explore the basics of immunology, including the functions and components of the immune system. This quiz covers innate and adaptive immunity, immune cell roles, antigen recognition, and the significance of immunological memory. Additionally, it addresses the relationship between immunity and diseases, alongside the role of immunization in public health.

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