40 Questions
What is the main goal of vaccination?
To expand the pool of memory cells
What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?
To enhance immune responses and Ab production
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
Attenuated viral vaccine
What is a characteristic of attenuated bacterial vaccines?
They are temperature sensitive mutants that will not multiply at body temperature
What is the advantage of using attenuated viral vaccines?
They decrease the pathogenicity of the virus
What is the effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine?
70% protection
What is an example of a subunit/subcellular viral vaccine?
Hepatitis B vaccine
Which of the following bacteria has a non-immunogenic group B?
Neisseria meningitis
What is the characteristic of killed or inactivated viral vaccines?
They are safe for immunocompromised individuals
What is used to make vaccines against Neisseria meningitis?
Capsular polysaccharides
What is the mechanism of synthetic viral vaccines?
They couple to a carrier protein
What is a characteristic of the plague vaccine?
It provides only short-term protection
What is the mechanism of recombinant viral vector vaccines?
They are genetically engineered to carry a gene from a pathogenic virus
What is the reason for replacing the Pertussis vaccine?
It was replaced by a safe acellular vaccine
What is the advantage of using subunit/subcellular viral vaccines?
They are safe for immunocompromised individuals
What is the goal of herd immunity?
To reduce the spread of infections in a population
What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency?
Malnutrition
What is affected by zinc deficiency in malnutrition?
T cell function
What is the effect of iron deficiency on neutrophils?
Reduced phagocytosis
What is the effect of selenium deficiency on immune cells?
Decreased NK cell function
What is the effect of malnutrition on protein and energy levels?
Decreased protein energy
What type of vaccine is used against Clostridium tetanus?
Inactivated toxin (formalin)
What is a potential problem with attenuated vaccines?
All of the above
What is the reason for zinc deficiency in plant-based diets?
Low absorption of zinc
What is the name of the vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis?
DTPP
What is the effect of malnutrition on the immune system?
Decreased immunity
What is the reason for nutrient loss in malnutrition?
Increased urinary and fecal loss
Why are oral vaccines not effective?
Both a and b
What is the name of the vaccine that combines measles, mumps, and rubella?
MMR
What is the name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia and is prevented by a conjugate vaccine?
Haemophilus influenzae B
What type of vaccine is used against Vibrio cholerae?
Recombinant modified toxin
Which of the following diseases does not have a vaccine?
All of the above
Why are needles and syringes not commonly used for vaccine administration?
Risk of disease transmission
What is the name of the bacteria that causes tetanus and is prevented by an inactivated toxin vaccine?
Clostridium tetani
Which vitamin deficiency impairs epithelial and mucosal barriers?
Vit.A
What is the consequence of Vit.B12 deficiency on the immune system?
Decreased antibody production
Which of the following is a consequence of vitamin C deficiency on the immune system?
Antioxidant functions
What is the consequence of vitamin E deficiency on the immune system?
Antioxidant functions
What is the consequence of HIV infection on the immune system?
Depletion of immune system
What is the consequence of drug administration on the immune system?
Suppression of immune function
Study Notes
Principles of Vaccination
- Priming of specific lymphocytes to expand the pool of memory cells for long-lasting protection
- Use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and antibody production
- Use of harmless forms of immunogen, such as attenuated organisms, subcellular fragments, toxoids, or vectors
- Production of safe and affordable vaccines to promote herd immunity
Virus Strategies
- Attenuated viral vaccines: decrease pathogenicity of virus in humans by passing the virus through other hosts, e.g. Mumps, Polio, Measles, Rubella, Yellow fever, Hepatitis A
- Killed or inactivated viral vaccines: use of chemically treated viruses, e.g. Polio, Hepatitis A, Influenza, Rabies
- Subunit/subcellular viral vaccines: use of surface antigen, e.g. Hepatitis B virus
- Synthetic viral vaccines: synthesis of 3 to 10 amino acid antigens
- Recombinant viral vector vaccines: use of non-pathogenic viruses genetically engineered to carry a gene from the pathogenic virus
Bacteria Strategies
- Attenuated bacterial vaccines: use of temperature-sensitive mutants, e.g. TB vaccine
- Killed or inactivated bacterial vaccines: use of heat-killed bacteria, e.g. Pertussis, Typhoid, Cholera, Plague, Q fever
- Subunit/subcellular bacterial vaccines: use of capsular polysaccharides, e.g. Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae B
- Toxoid bacterial vaccines: use of inactivated toxins, e.g. Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Vibrio cholera, Clostridium perfringens
Vaccine Administration
- Intramuscular injection: risk of disease transmission through needles and syringes
- Oral administration: risk of antigen breakdown in the digestive system
- Mucosal immunization: risk of generating tolerance rather than an immune response
Vaccine Safety
- Attenuated vaccines: potential reversion to wild type, severe disease in immunodeficient patients, persistent infection, hypersensitivity to viral antigens
- Killed vaccines: potential contamination with yeast, animal viruses, or endotoxin
Vaccines in General Use
- DTPP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio)
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
- Haemophilus influenza type b
- Vaccines reserved for special groups only: tuberculosis, hepatitis B, rabies, meningitis, yellow fever, typhoid, cholera, hepatitis A, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, varicella zoster
No Vaccine for:
- Staphylococci and streptococci
- Syphilis
- Chlamydia
- Leprosy
- Fungal infections
- HIV infection
Secondary Immunodeficiency
- Causes:
- Malnutrition (zinc, iron, selenium, vitamins B1, B6, B12, C, E, A deficiencies)
- Drugs (therapeutic use or side effects)
- Viral infections (e.g. HIV)
- Effects:
- Impaired immune function
- Increased susceptibility to infections
This quiz covers the principles of vaccination, including the use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and promote long-lasting protection. It also discusses the production of safe and affordable vaccines.
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