Immunology Chapter 17: Vaccination Principles
40 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of vaccination?

  • To enhance immune responses
  • To expand the pool of memory cells (correct)
  • To produce safe and affordable vaccines
  • To induce cytokine production

    • What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?

  • To reduce the dose of antigen
  • To increase the risk of infections
  • To induce cytokine production only
  • To enhance immune responses and Ab production (correct)

    • What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

  • Recombinant viral vector vaccine
  • Attenuated viral vaccine (correct)
  • Subunit/subcellular viral vaccine
  • Killed or inactivated viral vaccine

    • What is a characteristic of attenuated bacterial vaccines?

    <p>They are temperature sensitive mutants that will not multiply at body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using attenuated viral vaccines?

    <p>They decrease the pathogenicity of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine?

    <p>70% protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a subunit/subcellular viral vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria has a non-immunogenic group B?

    <p>Neisseria meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of killed or inactivated viral vaccines?

    <p>They are safe for immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to make vaccines against Neisseria meningitis?

    <p>Capsular polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of synthetic viral vaccines?

    <p>They couple to a carrier protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the plague vaccine?

    <p>It provides only short-term protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of recombinant viral vector vaccines?

    <p>They are genetically engineered to carry a gene from a pathogenic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for replacing the Pertussis vaccine?

    <p>It was replaced by a safe acellular vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using subunit/subcellular viral vaccines?

    <p>They are safe for immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of herd immunity?

    <p>To reduce the spread of infections in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by zinc deficiency in malnutrition?

    <p>T cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of iron deficiency on neutrophils?

    <p>Reduced phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of selenium deficiency on immune cells?

    <p>Decreased NK cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of malnutrition on protein and energy levels?

    <p>Decreased protein energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used against Clostridium tetanus?

    <p>Inactivated toxin (formalin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with attenuated vaccines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for zinc deficiency in plant-based diets?

    <p>Low absorption of zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis?

    <p>DTPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of malnutrition on the immune system?

    <p>Decreased immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for nutrient loss in malnutrition?

    <p>Increased urinary and fecal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are oral vaccines not effective?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that combines measles, mumps, and rubella?

    <p>MMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia and is prevented by a conjugate vaccine?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used against Vibrio cholerae?

    <p>Recombinant modified toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases does not have a vaccine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are needles and syringes not commonly used for vaccine administration?

    <p>Risk of disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes tetanus and is prevented by an inactivated toxin vaccine?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency impairs epithelial and mucosal barriers?

    <p>Vit.A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Vit.B12 deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Decreased antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of vitamin C deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Antioxidant functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of vitamin E deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Antioxidant functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of HIV infection on the immune system?

    <p>Depletion of immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of drug administration on the immune system?

    <p>Suppression of immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Principles of Vaccination

    • Priming of specific lymphocytes to expand the pool of memory cells for long-lasting protection
    • Use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and antibody production
    • Use of harmless forms of immunogen, such as attenuated organisms, subcellular fragments, toxoids, or vectors
    • Production of safe and affordable vaccines to promote herd immunity

    Virus Strategies

    • Attenuated viral vaccines: decrease pathogenicity of virus in humans by passing the virus through other hosts, e.g. Mumps, Polio, Measles, Rubella, Yellow fever, Hepatitis A
    • Killed or inactivated viral vaccines: use of chemically treated viruses, e.g. Polio, Hepatitis A, Influenza, Rabies
    • Subunit/subcellular viral vaccines: use of surface antigen, e.g. Hepatitis B virus
    • Synthetic viral vaccines: synthesis of 3 to 10 amino acid antigens
    • Recombinant viral vector vaccines: use of non-pathogenic viruses genetically engineered to carry a gene from the pathogenic virus

    Bacteria Strategies

    • Attenuated bacterial vaccines: use of temperature-sensitive mutants, e.g. TB vaccine
    • Killed or inactivated bacterial vaccines: use of heat-killed bacteria, e.g. Pertussis, Typhoid, Cholera, Plague, Q fever
    • Subunit/subcellular bacterial vaccines: use of capsular polysaccharides, e.g. Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae B
    • Toxoid bacterial vaccines: use of inactivated toxins, e.g. Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Vibrio cholera, Clostridium perfringens

    Vaccine Administration

    • Intramuscular injection: risk of disease transmission through needles and syringes
    • Oral administration: risk of antigen breakdown in the digestive system
    • Mucosal immunization: risk of generating tolerance rather than an immune response

    Vaccine Safety

    • Attenuated vaccines: potential reversion to wild type, severe disease in immunodeficient patients, persistent infection, hypersensitivity to viral antigens
    • Killed vaccines: potential contamination with yeast, animal viruses, or endotoxin

    Vaccines in General Use

    • DTPP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio)
    • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
    • Haemophilus influenza type b
    • Vaccines reserved for special groups only: tuberculosis, hepatitis B, rabies, meningitis, yellow fever, typhoid, cholera, hepatitis A, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, varicella zoster

    No Vaccine for:

    • Staphylococci and streptococci
    • Syphilis
    • Chlamydia
    • Leprosy
    • Fungal infections
    • HIV infection

    Secondary Immunodeficiency

    • Causes:
      • Malnutrition (zinc, iron, selenium, vitamins B1, B6, B12, C, E, A deficiencies)
      • Drugs (therapeutic use or side effects)
      • Viral infections (e.g. HIV)
    • Effects:
      • Impaired immune function
      • Increased susceptibility to infections

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the principles of vaccination, including the use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and promote long-lasting protection. It also discusses the production of safe and affordable vaccines.

    More Like This

    Vaccination Types and Diseases
    12 questions

    Vaccination Types and Diseases

    SupportingBohrium avatar
    SupportingBohrium
    Meningococcal Meningitis Prevention
    10 questions

    Meningococcal Meningitis Prevention

    MagicalEarthArt avatar
    MagicalEarthArt
    Vaccines and Vaccination
    50 questions

    Vaccines and Vaccination

    HallowedAtlanta avatar
    HallowedAtlanta
    Vaccination Program Overview - Lecture 3
    38 questions

    Vaccination Program Overview - Lecture 3

    JubilantHammeredDulcimer avatar
    JubilantHammeredDulcimer
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser