Immunology Chapter 17: Vaccination Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of vaccination?

  • To enhance immune responses
  • To expand the pool of memory cells (correct)
  • To produce safe and affordable vaccines
  • To induce cytokine production

    • What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccination?

  • To reduce the dose of antigen
  • To increase the risk of infections
  • To induce cytokine production only
  • To enhance immune responses and Ab production (correct)

    • What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?

  • Recombinant viral vector vaccine
  • Attenuated viral vaccine (correct)
  • Subunit/subcellular viral vaccine
  • Killed or inactivated viral vaccine

    • What is a characteristic of attenuated bacterial vaccines?

    <p>They are temperature sensitive mutants that will not multiply at body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using attenuated viral vaccines?

    <p>They decrease the pathogenicity of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine?

    <p>70% protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a subunit/subcellular viral vaccine?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria has a non-immunogenic group B?

    <p>Neisseria meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of killed or inactivated viral vaccines?

    <p>They are safe for immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to make vaccines against Neisseria meningitis?

    <p>Capsular polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of synthetic viral vaccines?

    <p>They couple to a carrier protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the plague vaccine?

    <p>It provides only short-term protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of recombinant viral vector vaccines?

    <p>They are genetically engineered to carry a gene from a pathogenic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for replacing the Pertussis vaccine?

    <p>It was replaced by a safe acellular vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using subunit/subcellular viral vaccines?

    <p>They are safe for immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of herd immunity?

    <p>To reduce the spread of infections in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by zinc deficiency in malnutrition?

    <p>T cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of iron deficiency on neutrophils?

    <p>Reduced phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of selenium deficiency on immune cells?

    <p>Decreased NK cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of malnutrition on protein and energy levels?

    <p>Decreased protein energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used against Clostridium tetanus?

    <p>Inactivated toxin (formalin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with attenuated vaccines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for zinc deficiency in plant-based diets?

    <p>Low absorption of zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis?

    <p>DTPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of malnutrition on the immune system?

    <p>Decreased immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for nutrient loss in malnutrition?

    <p>Increased urinary and fecal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are oral vaccines not effective?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that combines measles, mumps, and rubella?

    <p>MMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia and is prevented by a conjugate vaccine?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used against Vibrio cholerae?

    <p>Recombinant modified toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases does not have a vaccine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are needles and syringes not commonly used for vaccine administration?

    <p>Risk of disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes tetanus and is prevented by an inactivated toxin vaccine?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency impairs epithelial and mucosal barriers?

    <p>Vit.A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Vit.B12 deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Decreased antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of vitamin C deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Antioxidant functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of vitamin E deficiency on the immune system?

    <p>Antioxidant functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of HIV infection on the immune system?

    <p>Depletion of immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of drug administration on the immune system?

    <p>Suppression of immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Principles of Vaccination

    • Priming of specific lymphocytes to expand the pool of memory cells for long-lasting protection
    • Use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and antibody production
    • Use of harmless forms of immunogen, such as attenuated organisms, subcellular fragments, toxoids, or vectors
    • Production of safe and affordable vaccines to promote herd immunity

    Virus Strategies

    • Attenuated viral vaccines: decrease pathogenicity of virus in humans by passing the virus through other hosts, e.g. Mumps, Polio, Measles, Rubella, Yellow fever, Hepatitis A
    • Killed or inactivated viral vaccines: use of chemically treated viruses, e.g. Polio, Hepatitis A, Influenza, Rabies
    • Subunit/subcellular viral vaccines: use of surface antigen, e.g. Hepatitis B virus
    • Synthetic viral vaccines: synthesis of 3 to 10 amino acid antigens
    • Recombinant viral vector vaccines: use of non-pathogenic viruses genetically engineered to carry a gene from the pathogenic virus

    Bacteria Strategies

    • Attenuated bacterial vaccines: use of temperature-sensitive mutants, e.g. TB vaccine
    • Killed or inactivated bacterial vaccines: use of heat-killed bacteria, e.g. Pertussis, Typhoid, Cholera, Plague, Q fever
    • Subunit/subcellular bacterial vaccines: use of capsular polysaccharides, e.g. Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae B
    • Toxoid bacterial vaccines: use of inactivated toxins, e.g. Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Vibrio cholera, Clostridium perfringens

    Vaccine Administration

    • Intramuscular injection: risk of disease transmission through needles and syringes
    • Oral administration: risk of antigen breakdown in the digestive system
    • Mucosal immunization: risk of generating tolerance rather than an immune response

    Vaccine Safety

    • Attenuated vaccines: potential reversion to wild type, severe disease in immunodeficient patients, persistent infection, hypersensitivity to viral antigens
    • Killed vaccines: potential contamination with yeast, animal viruses, or endotoxin

    Vaccines in General Use

    • DTPP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio)
    • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
    • Haemophilus influenza type b
    • Vaccines reserved for special groups only: tuberculosis, hepatitis B, rabies, meningitis, yellow fever, typhoid, cholera, hepatitis A, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, varicella zoster

    No Vaccine for:

    • Staphylococci and streptococci
    • Syphilis
    • Chlamydia
    • Leprosy
    • Fungal infections
    • HIV infection

    Secondary Immunodeficiency

    • Causes:
      • Malnutrition (zinc, iron, selenium, vitamins B1, B6, B12, C, E, A deficiencies)
      • Drugs (therapeutic use or side effects)
      • Viral infections (e.g. HIV)
    • Effects:
      • Impaired immune function
      • Increased susceptibility to infections

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    Description

    This quiz covers the principles of vaccination, including the use of adjuvants to enhance immune responses and promote long-lasting protection. It also discusses the production of safe and affordable vaccines.

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