Compendium 11

Plasma cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens, effectively neutralizing them.

Memory B cells divide rapidly to form plasma cells, resulting in a faster and stronger immune response.

Antibodies bind to both the antigens and macrophages, signaling the macrophages to phagocytize the complex.

<p>Active immunity is gained through natural exposure to antigens or via vaccination, while passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary immune response is triggered when a B cell is activated for the first time by an antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary response is slower and involves the proliferation of B cells, whereas the secondary response is faster due to pre-existing memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens must bypass physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical mediators such as inflammation and phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination introduces antigens to the body, prompting the production of memory cells that prepare the immune system for future encounters with the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and helps activate T and B lymphocytes in response to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus is a gland situated in the chest, composed of thymic lobules where T cells mature and undergo selection processes to ensure self-tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system comprises lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the spleen, thymus, and lymphoid tissues that help maintain fluid balance and support immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common lymphatic disorders include lymphedema, lymphadenopathy, and lymphoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cells, specifically phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages, engulf and digest foreign particles and pathogens through the process of phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells recognize specific antigens, undergo activation with help from T cells, and proliferate to produce antibodies that neutralize and mark pathogens for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory cells are long-lived lymphocytes that rapidly respond to previously encountered antigens, enhancing the speed and strength of the immune response during subsequent exposures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system; they recognize and destroy virus-infected or cancer cells without prior sensitization, unlike T lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation is triggered by tissue damage, infection, or foreign invasion, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines are signaling proteins released by immune cells that mediate and regulate immune responses, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, targeting infected cells and activating other immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific defense and does not have memory, whereas the adaptive system is specific and has memory for future responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia help to transport mucus and trapped pathogens out of the respiratory system, clearing the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine promotes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability, allowing more white blood cells to reach the site of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, prevent the entry of pathogens and help to maintain health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen filters blood and helps to remove old or damaged red blood cells, also playing a role in immune responses and storing white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells produce antibodies that specifically target and neutralize pathogens in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common lymphatic disorders include lymphedema and lymphadenopathy, which can impair immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines are signaling molecules that facilitate communication between immune cells, enhancing the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The acid in the stomach kills many bacteria and pathogens that are ingested, serving as a chemical barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen filters blood, removes old or damaged blood cells, and plays a role in the immune response by producing lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus is a specialized organ located behind the sternum, and it facilitates the maturation of T cells by providing a unique environment for their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system is responsible for maintaining fluid balance, absorbing fats, and defending the body against infections by filtering lymph through lymph nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common disorders include lymphedema, lymphadenopathy, and infections such as lymphangitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells are activated when they identify a non-self antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells, which leads to the initiation of the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen filters blood and helps in the removal of pathogens and dead cells, while also serving as a site for immune cell activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus provides an environment for T cells to mature and undergo selection to ensure they can recognize 'self' from 'non-self' antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid, collects excess interstitial fluid, and facilitates the movement of immune cells throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphedema, which results in swelling due to lymph fluid accumulation, can impair mobility and increase infection risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The innate immune response includes physical barriers like skin, inflammatory responses, and the action of white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens and involves memory cells, whereas innate immunity is non-specific and immediate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T cells recognize pathogens through antigenic receptors that bind to specific antigens presented on the surface of infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system is integrated within the lymphatic system, which transports immune cells and antigens throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation acts to localize infection, recruit immune cells, and promote healing by increasing blood flow and permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, leading to tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pathogen is a foreign agent that can cause disease, such as bacteria and fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-cells and B-cells recognize pathogens through antigenic receptors that identify foreign proteins as 'non-self'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main categories of immunity are innate (non-specific) immunity and adaptive (systemic) immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system serves as a transport system for immune cells and antigens throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immunity offers a non-specific response to pathogens, while adaptive immunity provides a specific response based on prior exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens introduce foreign proteins into the body, prompting T-cells and B-cells to initiate an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical barriers in innate immunity include the skin and mucous membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This distinction is crucial to prevent the immune system from attacking the body's own cells while targeting foreign pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells as well as platelets, which are crucial due to their short lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticular fibres act as filters in lymphatic tissue, trapping microorganisms and providing a network for lymphocytes and macrophages to anchor to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulated tissues, like lymph nodes and spleen, are surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, whereas nonencapsulated tissues, such as MALT, lack this capsule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes filter lymph to remove substances like bacteria through phagocytosis or by stimulating lymphocyte proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic nodules are denser aggregations of lymphocytes found in loose connective tissue, while diffuse lymphatic tissue is more spread out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer cells often migrate to lymph nodes, where they can be trapped and proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages remove pathogens and cellular debris through phagocytosis, playing a crucial role in immune defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MALT acts as the first line of defense against invaders by being strategically located beneath epithelial surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticular cells produce a network of reticular fibers that supports lymphocytes and macrophages and filters lymph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peyer's patches are lymphatic nodules found in the loose connective tissue of the digestive system, aiding in immune surveillance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells investigate pathogens and can activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells to mount an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV binds to CD4 proteins on helper T cells, leading to their destruction and impairing the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When helper T cells drop below 200 per cubic mm, a person may have contracted AIDS, leading to severe immune dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats, and helps defend against infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph is composed of water plus solutes from plasma and cells, including ions, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries and lack a basement membrane, allowing for greater fluid uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body increases temperature through fever as part of the innate immune response, which helps to kill certain pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swollen lymph nodes occur due to an increased number of B and T cells in the lymphatic system as the body responds to infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages engulf and present pathogens or antigens to helper T cells, initiating an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HAART, or Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy, helps control HIV replication, allowing infected individuals to manage the virus and live longer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and moisture are critical factors, as they create optimal conditions for microbial replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes filter lymph and house immune cells like B and T lymphocytes to respond to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skin serves as a physical barrier that protects the body from pathogens trying to enter through cuts or abrasions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory B and T cells facilitate a quicker and more effective response upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages take up antigens and present them to helper T cells, which activates the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymph nodes activate immune responses and filter lymph fluid to detect foreign antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tonsils protect against bacteria and harmful materials and play a role in immune memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen contains red pulp and white pulp; it filters blood, destroys defective red blood cells, and aids in immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus is the site where T cells mature, allowing them to enter the circulatory system after development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person can live without a spleen but will be more prone to infections due to compromised immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent vessels carry lymph into the node, while efferent vessels carry lymph out of the node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tonsils are made up of stratified squamous epithelium and lymphoid tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen's position, posterior to the stomach and superior to the kidney, allows it to filter blood effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thymus is fully developed at 12 months of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages in the spleen act to phagocytose pathogens and dead cells, playing a key role in immune defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers