Immunology Overview 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the Fas molecule in the action of cytotoxic T cells?

  • To increase the binding affinity to antigens
  • To promote the differentiation of B cells
  • To enhance the granule exocytosis process
  • To initiate apoptosis in infected cells (correct)

    • Which of the following describes a function of antibodies?

  • Neutralize toxins and prevent their effects (correct)
  • Inhibit the production of plasma cells
  • Enhance infection by promoting antigen recognition
  • Clump pathogens to enhance their spread

    • What characteristic of antibodies allows them to attach specifically to different pathogens?

  • The shape of the Y-structure
  • The variable region of the antibody (correct)
  • The fixed region of the antibody
  • The molecular weight of the antibody

    • What is the process by which cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells called?

    <p>Granule exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecules do plasma cells produce to combat pathogens?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies function as opsonins?

    <p>They enhance the recognition of pathogens by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism by which antibodies can stop viral infections?

    <p>By binding to viral receptors and blocking cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the antibody structure is recognized by many cells in the immune system?

    <p>Fixed region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of granul exocytosis performed by a cytotoxic T cell?

    <p>Cell lysis and death of the infected cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways trigger the complement system?

    <p>The Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of opsonins in the complement cascade?

    <p>To enhance the ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are B cells primarily stored in the body?

    <p>In the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are T cells specifically activated during an immune response?

    <p>By the interaction with dendritic cells that present antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement protein is involved in initiating the complement cascade?

    <p>C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Alerting the appropriate T and B cells during infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes T cell receptors?

    <p>They are specific to a single type of antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the complement cascade triggering inflammation?

    <p>Enhanced ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of B cells?

    <p>They primarily reside in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement protein is most associated with forming the membrane attack complex?

    <p>C9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do T helper cells release to facilitate the activation of B cells?

    <p>Cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for killing infected cells in the immune response?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dendritic cells initiate the adaptive immune response?

    <p>By presenting antigens to CD4 T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory B cells in the immune system?

    <p>To provide long-term immunity and quicker responses to future infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do cytotoxic T cells use to recognize infected cells?

    <p>Binding to HLA class I molecules displaying specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>Dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the immune response?

    <p>They act as chemical signals to regulate immune functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes T helper cells from cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>T helper cells activate other cells, while cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding dendritic cells?

    <p>They play a crucial role in antigen presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of cytokine release during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Vasodilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for marking pathogens for phagocytosis?

    <p>Opsonization by opsonins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic effect is caused by interleukins during an inflammatory response?

    <p>Fever development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the acute phase response affect the liver?

    <p>It enhances production of acute-phase proteins like opsonins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary role of macrophages during the inflammatory response?

    <p>To recruit other immune cells and destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in measuring inflammation?

    <p>CRP indicates the severity of inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the initial immune response?

    <p>They release signaling proteins to activate T &amp; B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)?

    <p>Unique characteristics recognized by innate immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily associated with the immediate response of the innate immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dendritic cells activate the adaptive immune system?

    <p>By transporting antigens to T &amp; B cells via the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of immune responses?

    <p>Innate and Adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding innate immune responses?

    <p>They provide immediate but non-specific responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immune responses from innate responses?

    <p>They involve T &amp; B cells and generate long-term immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily a physical barrier of the innate immune system?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemical barriers like low pH in the stomach?

    <p>To kill or inhibit pathogen growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Arrival of antigens at T &amp; B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cytotoxic T Cells

    • Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing infected cells
    • They bind to the infected cell via the T cell receptor binding to the MHC class 1 molecules expressing the relevant antigen
    • This binding triggers two mechanisms of cell destruction
      • Granule exocytosis: This is where the cytotoxic T cell sprays enzymes that destroy the infected cell's membrane. This leads to cell lysis and death
      • Fas molecule activation: The Fas molecule acts as a switch triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the infected cell.

    Plasma Cells & Antibodies

    • Plasma cells are B cells that have differentiated and become antibody-producing cells
    • Their role is to produce large amounts of antibodies specific to the invading pathogen
    • Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins
    • Antibodies have a variable region that matches different antigens
    • Antibodies are transported around the blood and bind to specific antigens
    • Functions of antibodies -Act as opsonins: Antibodies may sometimes be difficult for macrophages and neutrophils to recognise and engulf, but antibodies can act as opsonins to make it easier for phagocytosis to take place.
      • Agglutination: Antibodies can clump together pathogens after attaching to them, preventing the spread of the pathogen and making it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.
      • Neutralisation: Antibodies can attach to toxins and neutralise their effect by blocking their receptors
      • Attach to receptors of viruses and bacteria: Antibodies can prevent virus or bacteria function, e.g., stopping viruses from invading cells

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    Description

    Dive into the functions of cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells in the immune response. Learn how cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells and how plasma cells produce antibodies. This quiz explores critical mechanisms of immune defense and their implications in pathogenesis.

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