Questions and Answers
Which component of the immune response is predominantly detected by measuring IgM antibodies in a patient’s serum?
What is the main purpose of using monoclonal antibodies in diagnostic immunology?
In the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), what is primarily coated on the plastic wells?
Which test is primarily used for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infections?
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What indicates a significant increase in IgG antibody levels for determining recent infection?
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Which method is effective for rapid on-site detection of infectious diseases through direct observation?
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What is the key principle behind particle agglutination tests in diagnostic immunology?
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What is the primary application of fluorescent microscopy mentioned?
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During the EIA test for detecting streptococcal antigens, what is the role of the enzyme-tagged antibody?
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Which procedure is specifically categorized as a 'Point of Care' test?
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What process occurs after the urine specimen is placed in the mini ELISA kit?
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Which virus can be detected using fluorescent microscopy according to the information provided?
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What is the significance of washing off unattached antibodies in the process described?
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Which step follows the enzyme substrate addition in the EIA test?
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How does fluorescent microscopy display positive identification of infected cells?
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Which testing method specifically involves scraping cells from lesions?
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What is indicated by a positive C line on an HIV saliva antibody test?
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In a particle agglutination test for detecting antigens, what observation indicates the presence of the right antigen?
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What is the primary purpose of adding the second antibody in the EIA process?
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Which of the following is a key feature of the Mantoux test for diagnosing tuberculosis?
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Which step in the EIA process allows for the measurement of antibodies in a patient's sample?
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What can be achieved by using particle agglutination methods coated with antibodies?
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In fluorescence microscopy, what is the primary function of labeling antibodies with a fluorescent tag?
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Which of the following best describes the process of adding the patient's serum to a well in an EIA?
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How does the TB skin test determine the presence of TB infection?
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What type of specimen can particle agglutination testing analyze?
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What is a common disadvantage of particle agglutination methods compared to EIA?
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Which statement is true regarding the incubation step in the fluorescence microscopy process?
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Which statement is true regarding the agglutination process in particle agglutination tests?
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In the context of skin testing for infectious diseases, what role does the antigen play?
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Study Notes
Immune Response Detection Methods
- Specific antibodies in patient's serum bind to corresponding antigens.
- Non-bound antibodies are washed away, leaving only those attached to the antigen.
- Addition of a second antibody, tagged with an enzyme, sticks to the patient's antibody.
- The enzyme-linked antibody is usually derived from animals targeting human antibodies.
Enzyme Immunoassays (EIAs)
- If the patient's antibodies are present, the enzyme remains bound after washing.
- Adding a substrate triggers a color change, indicating the presence and amount of antibody.
- Examples include tests for measles, HIV, and Hepatitis A, B, or C.
Antigen Detection in Serum
- Wells are coated with specific antibodies; patient serum is added for binding with antigens.
- Non-binding antigens are washed away, followed by the addition of an enzyme-tagged second antibody.
- Color change occurs with enzyme substrate, indicating the presence of the antigen (e.g., Hepatitis B Surface Antigen, HBsAg).
Fluorescence Microscopy
- Specimens are prepared on slides, dried, and fixed to prevent loss during washing.
- Antibodies labeled with fluorescent tags are applied; they bind only if the target antigen is present.
- Used for detecting infections in tissue samples.
Types of Antibodies
- Polyclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing animals, generating a variety of antibodies against one protein.
- Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a mix of spleen cells and cancerous myeloma cells, resulting in a highly pure antibody specific to one antigen.
Antibody Measurement in Serum
- IgM antibody presence indicates recent infections like measles or Hepatitis A.
- Rising IgG levels can suggest a recent infection, typically a four-fold increase.
- High antibody titers can signal infections, such as Q fever.
- IgG presence can indicate immunity (e.g., Rubella, Hepatitis A).
Particle Agglutination Tests
- Patient specimens are mixed with antibody-coated beads or particles (often latex); a milky appearance indicates no reaction.
- If the antigen is present, agglutination occurs, changing the suspension from milky to granular.
- Useful for identifying bacteria and testing spinal fluid, even under antibiotic treatment.
Skin Testing
- The Mantoux test gauges cellular immune response to TB antigens injected into the skin.
- Induration and swelling indicate recognition of TB antigens; size is measured for diagnostics.
Fluorescent Microscopy Applications
- Employed to detect viral infections such as influenza, RSV, herpes, and varicella zoster virus from clinical samples.
- Can also identify Pneumocystis in respiratory samples.
Point-of-Care Testing
- Mini EIA kits allow for rapid antigen detection, such as Group A Streptococcus from throat swabs.
- Pregnancy tests use urine specimens; a color change indicates the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) when bound to the antibody in the device.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the techniques involved in antibody testing, specifically the binding and detection of antibodies in serum. It covers the steps of washing wells, distinguishing specific antibodies, and the use of tagged antibodies for detection. Perfect for students studying immunology and laboratory methods.