Immunology and Vaccines

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What is the main characteristic of monoclonal antibodies?

They are produced by multiple clones of different parent cells
They are identical because they are produced by one type of immune cell (correct)
They are specific for multiple antigens
They are derived from different cell lines

What is the purpose of step 1 in generating monoclonal antibodies?

To mix spleen cells and tumour cells
To stimulate the immune system to produce necessary antibodies (correct)
To extract mouse tumour cells
To extract mouse spleen cells

What is the term for antibodies that are derived from different cell lines?

Monoclonal antibodies
Polyclonal antibodies (correct)
Identical antibodies
Specific antibodies

What is the result of multiple antigens on a microbe's surface?

Production of polyclonal antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of clonal selection in the adaptive immune system?

To trigger the expansion of limited number of clones specific for a particular antigen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a clone in the context of immune cells?

A population of cells derived from a single progenitor cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding polyethylene glycol in antibody production?

To fuse B-lymphocytes with tumour cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the medium used to selectively grow hybridoma cells?

HAT medium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are myeloma cells used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

Because they are already immortalized (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of monoclonal antibodies in detecting pregnancy?

They are used to diagnose pregnancy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of anti-mouse antibody in diagnostic kits?

It attaches a marker, tag, or enzyme to the monoclonal antibody (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

They are used to treat cancer by targeting tumour-associated antigens (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed following vaccination?

Active immunity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a vaccine?

To produce specific protection against a given disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines are produced by injecting inactivated or attenuated infectious agents into an antibody-producing organism?

Traditional vaccines (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of upstream processing in vaccine production?

Growing the microorganisms (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines consist of entire organisms that have been modified to be unable to cause disease?

Whole-cell vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of downstream processing in vaccine production?

Isolation and purification of microorganism (C) Signup and view all the answers