Microbiologie - Immunologie

A molecule (or part of a molecule) that can be recognized by the immune system and trigger an immune response.

A specific region on an antigen that is recognized by an antibody or a T cell receptor.

Small molecules that are not usually recognized by the immune system but can cause an immune response when attached to larger molecules.

The ability of a substance to trigger an immune response.

The ability of a substance to bind to an antibody or a T-cell receptor.

A type of white blood cell crucial in the adaptive immune response.

Activated B cells that produce and secrete antibodies.

Proteins produced by plasma cells that bind to specific antigens, helping to neutralize or eliminate them.

A severe inflammatory response triggered by an overproduction of cytokines.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; molecular signatures unique to pathogens.

Pattern recognition receptors; receptors on/in cells that recognize PAMPs.

The body's first line of defense, non-specific and fast-acting.

Highly specific, slower-acting immune defense that "learns".

Any substance that triggers an immune response.

A protein produced by B cells that binds to specific antigens.

Small regions on antigens recognized by antibodies.

The body's own molecules mistaken for foreign entities.

Antigens from different species.

Blood test to detect specific antibodies against a pathogen. IgM appears first, IgG later. Negative IgM/Positive IgG = infection in past or effective vaccine.

Indicates no recent infections or infection is very recent. Immune system hasn't reacted yet.

Suggests a recent or current infection. The immune response has begun.

Could indicate a chronic or recurring infection, or a possible reactivation of an infection.

Antibodies found in body secretions, important for mucosal immunity

Important for activating naive B cells

Involved in fighting parasites and causing allergic reactions

Body's specific defense system after initial pathogen response

Part of the adaptive immune system, involved in cell-mediated immunity.

An exaggerated immune response to a non-harmful substance

The inflammatory response has three stages: vasculature (blood vessel changes), cellular (cell activity), and regeneration/healing (tissue repair).

The first phase of inflammation, involving widened blood vessels and increased fluid leakage to deliver immune cells to the site.

Phase of inflammation where immune cells, like neutrophils and macrophages, arrive and engulf bacteria or damaged cells.

The final stage of inflammation, as the body repairs tissues and removes damaged materials.

The four primary signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), warmth (calor), and pain (dolor).

A higher-than-normal body temperature that helps fight infection by interfering with microbial replication and speeding up healing .

Proteins produced by immune cells that act as signals to coordinate the immune response.

Interferons (IFNs) are examples of cytokines that play a role in viral infections and protect nearby cells.

Excessive cytokine production called a "cytokine storm" can cause significant inflammation, contributing to diseases such as autoimmune disorders (and COVID-19).

A group of proteins that enhance the immune response by helping to destroy pathogens.

Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected or cancerous cells.

Helper T cells that guide the immune response,activating other immune cells.

T cells that control the immune response, preventing attacking the body's own cells.

Proteins on cells that display antigens to the immune system.

The body's learned, targeted, immune response against specific invaders.