Immunologic Disorders Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated transmission rate of HIV from mother to child during childbirth?

  • 30%
  • 10%
  • 50%
  • 25% (correct)

    • What is a common misconception about the transmission of HIV through mosquitoes?

  • Mosquitoes can transmit HIV in certain conditions.
  • HIV can survive in mosquitoes for a long duration.
  • No credible reports of transmission by mosquitoes exist. (correct)
  • Mosquito bites are a significant risk for HIV transmission.

    • Which factor can reduce the mother-to-child transmission rate of HIV during pregnancy?

  • Natural childbirth
  • Breastfeeding
  • Group therapy
  • Use of ARVs (correct)

    • What is referred to as the window period regarding HIV testing?

    <p>The time between infection and the test's ability to detect HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on 2021 estimates, how many adults were living with HIV worldwide?

    <p>36.7 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mild reaction associated with localized allergies?

    <p>Swelling and hives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Localized symptoms that escalate to a systemic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for systemic anaphylaxis?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is commonly used to test for Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>ImmunoCAP specific IgE blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Type II hypersensitivity primarily lead to cell destruction?

    <p>Via complement activation and antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do donor's blood group antigens play in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They stimulate antibody production in the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for immunotherapy injections for allergy desensitization?

    <p>Every two to three years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of an overreaction of the immune response?

    <p>Allergy and autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the sensitization phase in Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Primary exposure to the allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of IgE in the Type I hypersensitivity response?

    <p>To bind to mast cells or basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Involves chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between overreaction and underreaction of the immune response?

    <p>Underreaction results in diseases like immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of inflammatory molecules during Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Degranulation of mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of an immunodeficiency disease?

    <p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the degranulation phase of Type I hypersensitivity?

    <p>Inflammatory molecules are released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Farmer’s lung?

    <p>Hay spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur if an Rh– woman carries an Rh+ fetus?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Systemic Lupus?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead to kidney damage in Glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Immune complexes deposited in glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response is triggered when penicillin binds to platelets?

    <p>Humoral response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the inflammatory response caused by immune complexes binding to blood vessel walls?

    <p>Tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Delayed inflammation 12 to 24 hours after contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RhoGAM is administered to prevent which condition?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of contact dermatitis trigger?

    <p>Latex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of immune complexes?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when some immune complexes are trapped in organs?

    <p>Inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immune cell type involved in Type IV hypersensitivity?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT associated with the general effects of hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Increased platelet counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response occurs in the Tuberculin Response?

    <p>Cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can severe contact dermatitis lead to?

    <p>Fluid-filled blisters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of localized reactions like hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

    <p>Lung inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for glucocorticoids-related conditions?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T-cells in the immune response regarding M.tuberculosis?

    <p>To form a memory response after exposure to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>They involve T-cell mediated responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease is characterized by T-cells destroying insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Type I diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic defect is associated with the absence of a thymus gland and leads to T-cell deficiency?

    <p>DiGeorge syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of acquired immunodeficiency diseases?

    <p>Infections such as leprosy or tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level of CD4+ T cells is a diagnosis of AIDS typically given?

    <p>Less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the HIV virus primarily transmitted?

    <p>Via unprotected sexual relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes graft rejection?

    <p>It results from the difference in MHC molecules between graft and host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in which demographic?

    <p>Women of all ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immunologic Disorders

    • Results in immune response overreaction or underreaction
    • Overreaction:
      • Allergy: Immune system reacts to a harmless antigen, causing hypersensitivity; immediate or delayed
      • Autoimmune: Immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues
        • Affects blood cells, endocrine glands, nervous system, connective tissues, and other organs
    • Underreaction:
      • Immunodeficiency Diseases: Inborn or acquired; little or no immune response
        • Primary (present from birth) or acquired immunodeficiency.

    Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)

    • Allergens: Pollen, cats, bee stings, food, drugs, ragweed, dust mites...
    • Exposure triggers release of inflammatory molecules (histamine, kinins, proteases, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) causing immediate reaction (seconds-minutes)
    • Two-stage process: sensitization & degranulation
    • IgE-mediated and usually mild
    • Can lead to systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)

    Type II (Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)

    • Immune system destroys cells by combining antibodies with complement (IgM and IgG)
    • Examples include:
      • Blood transfusion reactions (incompatible blood types)
      • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
      • Drug reactions (such as penicillin reactions)
    • Can affect various tissues and is a component of many autoimmune diseases.
    • Usually a component of other autoimmune issues

    Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated)

    • Formation of immune complexes (antigens + antibodies)
    • Some complexes cleared by phagocytes, others lodge in blood vessels, activating complement, causing inflammation and tissue damage.
    • Can lead to localized or systemic reactions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus)

    Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated)

    • Inflammation 12-24 hours after contact with specific antigens, involving T cells
    • Occurs as a result of an antigen-presenting cell, antigen and T cell reaction
    • Includes several classes of reactions
      • Tuberculin response: reaction to the tuberculosis bacteria/vaccine
      • Contact dermatitis: Skin rashes due to allergens (e.g., poison ivy)
      • Graft rejection: Rejection of transplanted tissues or organs

    Immunodeficiency Diseases

    • Primary (Inborn)
      • Agammaglobulinemia (B-cell deficiency)
      • IgA deficiency (most common)
      • DiGeorge Syndrome (T-cell deficiency)
      • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) (lack of T and B cells), often called "bubble boy" disease
    • Acquired
      • Caused by infection (e.g., HIV/AIDS)
      • Immunosuppressants
      • Chemotherapy/radiation therapy

    AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

    • Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
    • Targets T-helper cells and macrophages
    • Characterized by opportunistic infections and cancers due to the immune system being compromised
    • Transmission occurs through sex, blood transfusions, shared needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding

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    Mic 205 Immune Disorders Ch 18 PDF

    Description

    Explore the complex world of immunologic disorders with this quiz. Dive into the details of overreactions like allergies and autoimmune diseases, as well as underreactions such as immunodeficiency diseases. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms involved, including immediate hypersensitivity and the types of allergens that can trigger reactions.

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