Immune Disorders Quiz (BMS Learning Outcomes)

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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Caused by overstimulation of T cells

High levels of IgE are secreted upon re-exposure (correct)

Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies

Slow onset within 2-24 hours

Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with immune complexes forming in response to free soluble antigens?

Type IV

Type II

Type I

Type III (correct)

What is the time frame for Type II hypersensitivity reactions to develop?

Takes days to weeks

Immediate, within minutes

Develops in 2-24 hours (correct)

Occurs after several weeks

What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity from the other types?

It is caused by T cells and is antibody independent Signup and view all the answers

In Type II hypersensitivity, which of the following is a common outcome?

Opsonization of cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type V Signup and view all the answers

Which hypersensitivity type is best described by the presence of prolonged inflammation resulting in tissue damage?

Type IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of primary immunodeficiency?

Genetically determined defects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Allergies to pollen Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity?

Complement activation through immune complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

Healthy tissues are attacked by the body's own immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common manifestation of Sjögren syndrome?

Reduced secretions of saliva and tears Signup and view all the answers

What type of autoimmune diseases are classified as organ-specific?

Disorders targeting antibodies against specific organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of secondary immunodeficiency?

Higher incidence of infections Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by desquamative gingivitis and changes in gingival health?

Systemic lupus erythematosus Signup and view all the answers

What is one oral manifestation commonly associated with pemphigus vulgaris?

Presence of painful erosions and blisters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to secondary immunodeficiency?

Genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What effect does ciclosporin have on the oral cavity?

Increased risk of fungal infections Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of both Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases?

They are related to thyroid autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is often correlated with an increased risk of malignancy due to immune deficiencies?

Down's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity is an excessive immune response to an antigen, causing tissue damage on subsequent exposures.
It's categorized into four types.

Type I Hypersensitivity

Rapid onset: Symptoms develop within an hour of exposure.
Mechanism: Allergens trigger the release of IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and basophils. Subsequent allergen exposure causes degranulation, releasing mediators like histamine.
Examples: Allergies (e.g., hay fever, food allergies).

Type II Hypersensitivity

Slow onset: Symptoms appear 2-24 hours after exposure.
Mechanism: Antibodies (IgG and IgM) bind to cell surfaces, triggering complement activation or cell destruction by killer cells.
Results: Opsonization, agglutination, and cell lysis.
Examples: Blood transfusion reactions, some drug reactions, autoimmune anemias.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Delayed onset: Symptoms develop over hours, days, or weeks.
Mechanism: Antibodies (IgG and IgM) bind to soluble antigens, forming immune complexes that deposit in blood vessel walls. This activates complement, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness, rheumatoid arthritis.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Delayed onset: Symptoms appear 2 or more days after exposure.
Mechanism: T cell and macrophage activation leads to cytokine release, causing inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage.
Examples: Contact dermatitis, some autoimmune diseases.

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency is a weakened ability to fight off infections due to an impaired immune system.

Primary Immunodeficiency

Cause: Genetic defects
Characteristics: Increased susceptibility to serious infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases.
Types: B cell, T and B cell, complement, and granulocyte deficiencies.
Examples: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), IgA deficiency, Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.

Secondary Immunodeficiency

Cause: Malnutrition, chronic infections, and immunosuppressant drugs.
Characteristics: Increased risk of infections (viral and bacterial), poor wound healing, oral manifestations (candidiasis, periodontal disease).
Examples: Malnutrition, HIV infections, chemotherapy.

Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.
Mechanism: Autoreactive T and/or B cells (autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells) target self-antigens.
Types:
- Organ-specific: The disease targets specific body organs (e.g., thyroiditis, autoimmune gastritis).
- Systemic: The disease affects multiple organs (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus).

Oral Manifestations of Autoimmune Disease

Sjögren syndrome: Xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes).
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Desquamative gingivitis, thrombocytopenia (low platelets).
Pemphigus vulgaris: Ulcers and blisters in the oral cavity.
Mucous membrane pemphigoid: Oral lesions, painful, and often chronic.

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Description

Explore the different classifications of hypersensitivity including Type I, II, and III responses. Understand the mechanisms behind these immune reactions and their clinical examples. This quiz examines how these hypersensitivity types affect the body upon exposure to various antigens.