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Questions and Answers
Where is IgM mainly found?
Where is IgM mainly found?
Intravascular (blood and lymph), B-cell surface
What are the different forms that IgM can be found in?
What are the different forms that IgM can be found in?
What is the primary function of IgM?
What is the primary function of IgM?
Primary immune response and antigen agglutination
IgM exists as a monomer on the surface of B cells.
IgM exists as a monomer on the surface of B cells.
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Monomeric IgM has a high affinity for antigen.
Monomeric IgM has a high affinity for antigen.
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What is the function of the J-chain in IgM?
What is the function of the J-chain in IgM?
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How many constant regions and variable regions does IgM contain?
How many constant regions and variable regions does IgM contain?
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What is the function of the disulfide bonds in IgM?
What is the function of the disulfide bonds in IgM?
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The process of IgM multimerization is facilitated by the J-chain.
The process of IgM multimerization is facilitated by the J-chain.
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Where is IgG found?
Where is IgG found?
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IgG is produced in response to a wide variety of antigens.
IgG is produced in response to a wide variety of antigens.
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IgG is found as a monomer, dimer, and trimer.
IgG is found as a monomer, dimer, and trimer.
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IgG is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta.
IgG is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta.
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IgG is the predominant antibody produced in the 20 immune responses.
IgG is the predominant antibody produced in the 20 immune responses.
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What is one of the primary functions of IgG for the fetus and newborns?
What is one of the primary functions of IgG for the fetus and newborns?
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What does opsonization mean?
What does opsonization mean?
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What are the two most common forms of IgA?
What are the two most common forms of IgA?
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What is the function of the secretory component of IgA?
What is the function of the secretory component of IgA?
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Antibodies are proteins, and proteins are susceptible to changes in their environment.
Antibodies are proteins, and proteins are susceptible to changes in their environment.
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How does the immune system protect antibodies from the environment?
How does the immune system protect antibodies from the environment?
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Where are lymphocytes located?
Where are lymphocytes located?
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What do B lymphocytes synthesize?
What do B lymphocytes synthesize?
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Where are the B cells located that produce dimeric IgA?
Where are the B cells located that produce dimeric IgA?
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Where is IgD primarily found?
Where is IgD primarily found?
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What is the function of IgD on B cells?
What is the function of IgD on B cells?
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IgE is found mainly as a monomer.
IgE is found mainly as a monomer.
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What are some effects of allergic reactions?
What are some effects of allergic reactions?
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IgE is involved in the destruction of worms.
IgE is involved in the destruction of worms.
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IgM is the first antibody that is produced when an antigen enters the body.
IgM is the first antibody that is produced when an antigen enters the body.
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What is the role of the variable and hypervariable regions of an antibody?
What is the role of the variable and hypervariable regions of an antibody?
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Secondary immune responses are weaker and slower than primary immune responses.
Secondary immune responses are weaker and slower than primary immune responses.
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IgM and IgG recognize the same antigen, but they differ in their constant region of heavy chain, which determines their function.
IgM and IgG recognize the same antigen, but they differ in their constant region of heavy chain, which determines their function.
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IgG levels reach their peak within the first 1-2 weeks and then decline quickly.
IgG levels reach their peak within the first 1-2 weeks and then decline quickly.
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Secondary immune responses involve the production of memory cells.
Secondary immune responses involve the production of memory cells.
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IgG is produced in much larger quantities than IgM in response to a secondary immune response.
IgG is produced in much larger quantities than IgM in response to a secondary immune response.
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IgG concentrations remain elevated for an extended period because it has a long half-life.
IgG concentrations remain elevated for an extended period because it has a long half-life.
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Isotype switching is a process that changes the production of immunoglobulins from one type to another while retaining the same antigen specificity.
Isotype switching is a process that changes the production of immunoglobulins from one type to another while retaining the same antigen specificity.
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During isotype switching, the variable region of the heavy chain changes.
During isotype switching, the variable region of the heavy chain changes.
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Isotype switching can occur in both memory cells and plasma cells.
Isotype switching can occur in both memory cells and plasma cells.
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Isotype switching is a random process, and the order in which antibody isotypes are produced is not predictable.
Isotype switching is a random process, and the order in which antibody isotypes are produced is not predictable.
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The variable region of an antibody contains genes for variable, diversity, and joining.
The variable region of an antibody contains genes for variable, diversity, and joining.
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The constant region of an antibody determines its specificity for an antigen.
The constant region of an antibody determines its specificity for an antigen.
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There are five types of heavy chain constant regions in antibodies.
There are five types of heavy chain constant regions in antibodies.
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Diseases affecting antibodies can either lead to high overproduction or underproduction.
Diseases affecting antibodies can either lead to high overproduction or underproduction.
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Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells and leads to increased production of antibodies.
Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells and leads to increased production of antibodies.
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Multiple myeloma can involve an increase in a single class of antibodies or a particular light chain.
Multiple myeloma can involve an increase in a single class of antibodies or a particular light chain.
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Decreased production of antibodies can be restricted to a single class of antibodies or can involve underproduction of all classes of antibodies
Decreased production of antibodies can be restricted to a single class of antibodies or can involve underproduction of all classes of antibodies
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Electrophoresis is a technique that is used to separate proteins based on their size and charge
Electrophoresis is a technique that is used to separate proteins based on their size and charge
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The Albumin band is the darkest and most prominent band in protein electrophoresis because it is the fastest-moving protein in serum protein electrophoresis.
The Albumin band is the darkest and most prominent band in protein electrophoresis because it is the fastest-moving protein in serum protein electrophoresis.
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The γ–band in protein electrophoresis represents a normal pattern of serum protein.
The γ–band in protein electrophoresis represents a normal pattern of serum protein.
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α, β, and γ refer to different types of immunoglobulins.
α, β, and γ refer to different types of immunoglobulins.
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Albumin constitutes 50-60% of plasma proteins and has a tall sharp peak in densitometer representation.
Albumin constitutes 50-60% of plasma proteins and has a tall sharp peak in densitometer representation.
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All plasma proteins are glycosylated.
All plasma proteins are glycosylated.
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Glycosylation of plasma proteins increases plasma viscosity.
Glycosylation of plasma proteins increases plasma viscosity.
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Salting-out is a technique that is used to separate proteins by adding salt to a solution.
Salting-out is a technique that is used to separate proteins by adding salt to a solution.
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Proteins with lower solubility exit first during salting-out.
Proteins with lower solubility exit first during salting-out.
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Electrophoresis is a technique that is used to separate plasma clotting factors.
Electrophoresis is a technique that is used to separate plasma clotting factors.
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Fibrinogen is not removed in electrophoresis because it is a small protein.
Fibrinogen is not removed in electrophoresis because it is a small protein.
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Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and contains all the components of blood.
Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and contains all the components of blood.
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The cellular part of blood is called packed cell volume and its percentage in total blood volume is called hematocrit.
The cellular part of blood is called packed cell volume and its percentage in total blood volume is called hematocrit.
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Hematocrit is normally 25% in males and 15% in females.
Hematocrit is normally 25% in males and 15% in females.
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Plasma proteins are insoluble in water.
Plasma proteins are insoluble in water.
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Blood is the interface between the external environment and body tissues.
Blood is the interface between the external environment and body tissues.
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Centrifugation is used to separate different components of blood based on their density.
Centrifugation is used to separate different components of blood based on their density.
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The Buffy coat is located at the bottom of a centrifuged blood sample.
The Buffy coat is located at the bottom of a centrifuged blood sample.
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An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indicator of a pathological condition.
An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indicator of a pathological condition.
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The ESR increases during pregnancy.
The ESR increases during pregnancy.
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ESR is measured as the percentage of packed cell volume in 100 ml of blood.
ESR is measured as the percentage of packed cell volume in 100 ml of blood.
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Plasma is a mixture of organic and inorganic components.
Plasma is a mixture of organic and inorganic components.
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Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and non-protein nitrogenous compounds.
Plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and non-protein nitrogenous compounds.
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Inorganic components of plasma include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate.
Inorganic components of plasma include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate.
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Hemoglobin is a corpuscular protein found inside the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a corpuscular protein found inside the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
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Fibrinogen is a protein that is involved in the formation of blood clots.
Fibrinogen is a protein that is involved in the formation of blood clots.
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Study Notes
- Sheet number: 25
- Year: 2024
- Written by: Duha Al-Nader
- Edited by: Hala Abu-Dyouk
- Doctor: Nafiz Abutarboush
- Subject: Immunoglobulins
IgM Class
- Location: Primarily intravascular (blood and lymph), B-cell surface (monomer)
- Forms: Monomer, pentamer (most common), hexamer (least common)
- Functions: Primary immune response (initial production), antigen agglutination (e.g., ABO)
- Important Note: IgM exists as a monomer on B-cell surfaces, but has low antigen affinity in that form.
- Multimerization: The J-chain facilitates the process of multimerization, to form the pentameric IgM (or hexameric IgM). The J-chain helps keep the monomers close enough for disulfide bond formation.
- Structure-Function Relationship: Four constant regions and one variable region are present in IgM. Monomer/polymers formation is facilitated by the formation of disulfide bonds between constant regions of different monomers, as also mediated by the J chain.
IgG Class
- Location: Blood, lymph, and intestines
- Form: Monomer
- Functions: Secondary immune response, crucial for secondary response, responsible for the majority of antibody production in the secondary response. Coats microorganisms for enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages (opsonization), provides major line of defense for the fetus and newborns during the first couple of weeks, found in body secretions, can cross the placenta
- Specificity: Responsible for secondary immune response, defending against a wide variety of pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
IgA Class
- Structure & Location: Multimeric (monomer, dimer, trimer)
- Location: Plasma, tears, saliva, intestines, milk, bronchial secretions, urine, sweat
- Function: Dimer form is major form, secreted into secretions, provides protection against digestive enzymes
- Transcytosis: transport across epithelial cells into mucosal environment. The antibody is associated with the secretory component during transport, which remains in this form in secretions,
IgD Class
- Location: Primarily B-cell surface, also in blood and lymph
- Functions: Role in initiating the immune response on B-cell surfaces, not well characterized in serum
IgE Class
- Location: Blood, bound to mast cells and basophils
- Form: Monomer
- Functions: Allergic reactions (increased vascular permeability, skin rashes, respiratory constriction), involved in the lysis of worms, parasitic infections
Immunological Memory
- Primary Response: Initial exposure to an antigen; IgM is produced first, and levels peak within 1-2 weeks, then decline rapidly. Followed by IgG production.
- Secondary Response: Subsequent exposure to the same antigen; results in a faster and stronger response due to memory cells; IgG production is much faster and in higher quantities compared to the primary response.
Class Switching
- Mechanism: Changing antibody production from one class to another while maintaining antigen specificity. The constant region of the heavy chain is changed, but the variable region remains the same. This allows the immune system to produce different antibody classes targeting specific antigens.
Diseases Affecting Gamma Globulins
- Overproduction: Can indicate cancerous conditions like myelomas.
- Underproduction: Conditions like agammaglobulinemia may lead to decreased production of all classes of antibodies.
Electrophoresis
- Technique: Separates protein molecules in a gel based on their charge and size.
- Pattern Differences: Differing serum protein electrophoresis patterns are observed in normal conditions and in conditions like multiple myeloma, distinguishing pathological from normal conditions.
- Components: Plasma contains Albumin, and globulins (α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin) whose amounts and sizes will differentiate between normal or abnormal (disease) conditions.
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma: Liquid part of blood, containing diverse proteins and other components.
- Components: Includes water, dissolved gases, electrolytes, wastes, nutrients, proteins, and small molecules (e.g., glucose, urea).
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- Indicator: Increase in ESR can indicate a pathological condition including pregnancy.
- Mechanism: ESR is a measure of the rate at which red blood cells settle in a blood sample.
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Description
This quiz covers the IgM class of immunoglobulins, detailing its structure, location, and functions within the immune response. It explores key concepts such as multimerization and the role of the J-chain in forming pentameric and hexameric IgM. Test your knowledge on this critical component of biochemistry.
