BIOL212 W7-1
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes innate immunity?

  • It requires previous exposure to pathogens.
  • It can recognize specific molecular components of pathogens.
  • It includes inborn host defenses against a broad range of pathogens. (correct)
  • It is solely dependent on adaptive immune responses.

Which statement accurately describes adaptive immunity?

  • It functions immediately upon pathogen exposure without training.
  • It is directed against individual molecular components known as antigens. (correct)
  • It is innate and does not require recognition of specific pathogens.
  • It cannot adapt to new pathogens over time.

What role does normal microbiota play in host resistance?

  • It helps resist pathogens through competitive exclusion. (correct)
  • It alters the physical barrier of the skin.
  • It provides direct immune responses against viruses.
  • It increases susceptibility to infections.

How does the route of infection influence the type of pathogen?

<p>Different pathogens invade specific tissues based on their entry routes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical or chemical barrier to infection?

<p>The presence of macrophages in blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes competitive exclusion in the context of normal microbiota?

<p>Microbiota inhibit pathogen growth by outcompeting them for resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true regarding infection sites?

<p>Pathogens can invade different tissues depending on their specific infection routes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mucosal membranes in the immune system?

<p>To physically trap pathogens with mucus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between innate and adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity provides immediate responses, while adaptive immunity develops over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does stomach acid serve in immune defense?

<p>It inhibits bacterial growth through a low pH environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Draining lymph fluid from extravascular tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocytes are specifically involved in the adaptive immune response?

<p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes serum from plasma?

<p>Plasma contains cells, while serum is cell-free (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T cells?

<p>Thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play in the immune system?

<p>Influence the development of white blood cell types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are known as phagocytes?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

<p>They contain high concentrations of leukocytes and support immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

<p>Producing antibodies against specific antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do hematopoietic stem cells primarily develop into different types of blood cells?

<p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is essential for the clotting process?

<p>Plasma proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do chemokines specifically serve in the immune response?

<p>Recruit immune cells to sites of injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the recruitment of phagocytes during an immune response?

<p>Tissue damage and cytokine release (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for the attraction of neutrophils to an infection site?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a characteristic of cytokines?

<p>They modulate immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the immune system?

<p>To signal the presence of invading pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do resident leukocytes contribute to an immune response upon tissue damage?

<p>They release cytokines for communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of extravasation in the immune response?

<p>Phagocytes leave circulation to reach tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of chemokines compared to other cytokines?

<p>They specifically recruit immune cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between tissue damage and the immune response?

<p>It triggers the recruitment of phagocytes and cytokine release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of cytokines in the immune response?

<p>Actually attacking and destroying pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a pathogen is recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on leukocytes?

<p>A signal is sent to the nucleus triggering a transcriptional response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is involved in the process of phagocytosis following pathogen recognition?

<p>Phagosome formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does NFκB play in the immune response?

<p>It is a key transcription factor activated during immune signaling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phagocytes kill bacteria once they are engulfed?

<p>By producing reactive oxygen intermediates within the phagolysosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of pathogens that can survive inside a phagolysosome?

<p>They possess mechanisms to resist degradation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature enables leukocytes to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

<p>Pattern recognition receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the phosphorylation cascade in phagocytes upon pathogen recognition?

<p>Binding of PAMP to TLR. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) crucial for the immune system?

<p>They identify and bind to components of pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the signal transduction pathway activated by TLRs?

<p>Expression of genes involved in the immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the creation of a phagolysosome?

<p>Fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

Inborn, non-specific defense against pathogens.

Adaptive Immunity

Acquired ability to target specific pathogens.

Normal Microbiota

Beneficial bacteria that protect against pathogens.

Competitive Exclusion

Microbes outcompete pathogens for resources.

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Pathogen

An organism capable of causing disease.

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Infection Site Specificity

Different pathogens infect different tissues.

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Physical Barriers

Mucus, skin, and stomach acid prevent pathogen entry.

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Mucosal Membranes

Protective lining of body openings.

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Stomach Acid

Low pH inhibits bacterial growth.

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Skin

Salty, acidic barrier to infection.

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Lymphatic System

A separate circulatory system that collects excess fluid (lymph) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. It also plays a crucial role in the immune system.

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Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid and contain high concentrations of lymphocytes and phagocytes, which are important for fighting infections.

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Leukocytes

White blood cells that are essential for the immune response. They protect the body from infections by destroying harmful substances and pathogens.

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Phagocytes

A type of leukocyte that engulfs and destroys pathogens and cellular debris.

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Lymphocytes

Specialized leukocytes directly involved in the adaptive immune response. They recognize and target specific pathogens.

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B cells

Type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies, which are proteins that can bind to and neutralize specific pathogens.

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T cells

Type of lymphocyte that directly attacks infected cells or activates other immune cells to fight infections.

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Plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, and waste products.

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Serum

The portion of blood that is left after clotting, containing all the components except clotting proteins.

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Bone Marrow

A spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells, including leukocytes, are produced.

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What is microbial invasion?

A pathogen's ability to enter host cells or tissues, multiply, spread, and cause disease.

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Tissue damage triggers what?

The recruitment of a large number of phagocytes to the damaged area.

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Cytokines

Soluble proteins produced by leukocytes or damaged cells that modulate the immune response.

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Chemokines

A subclass of cytokines specifically designed to recruit immune cells to the site of injury.

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What do chemokines do?

They establish a gradient of chemoattractants that attract other immune cells, especially neutrophils and T cells.

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What happens during extravasation?

Macrophages and neutrophils leave circulation and travel to the site of infection.

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What's the role of PAMPs?

They trigger the innate immune response by activating immune cells.

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Signal Transduction

The process by which immune cells receive and interpret signals from PAMPs, leading to a response.

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What does signal transduction allow?

It allows immune cells to recognize and respond to pathogens, effectively mounting an immune response.

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PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are molecules found on pathogens but not on host cells. These molecules act as signals for the immune system to recognize and target pathogens.

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TLR

Toll-like receptors are a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) found on leukocytes. They recognize specific PAMPs and trigger an immune response.

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NFκB

A key transcription factor that is activated by many signaling pathways, including those initiated by TLRs. It turns on genes involved in the immune response.

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Phagosome

A membrane-bound vesicle that forms around engulfed pathogens during phagocytosis.

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Lysosome

Organelle that contains digestive enzymes. During phagocytosis, lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome.

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Phagolysosome

A vesicle formed by the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome. It contains enzymes and other molecules that break down and kill pathogens engulfed by the phagocyte.

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Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (ROIs)

Toxic molecules produced by phagocytes that kill pathogens within the phagolysosome. They act as potent oxidants.

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How can pathogens survive phagocytosis?

Some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to resist the destructive power of the phagolysosome. They might have a protective coat, or they might produce toxins that disrupt the phagocyte's killing mechanisms.

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Study Notes

Immunity

  • Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist infection.

Innate Immunity (Nonspecific Immunity)

  • Innate immunity is inborn host defenses against a broad range of pathogens.
  • It has a noninducible ability to recognize and destroy individual pathogens or their products.
  • It does not require prior exposure to a pathogen or its products.

Adaptive Immunity

  • Adaptive immunity is the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a specific pathogen or its products.
  • It's dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products (specificity).
  • It's directed toward specific molecular components (antigens) of a pathogen.

Innate Immune Cells

  • Phagocytes, such as dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, are primary effector cells.
  • They have a rapid response (within hours) to pathogens.
  • They lack immune memory.

Adaptive Immune Cells

  • Lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes) are primary effector cells for adaptive immunity.
  • Their response is focused, attacking specific pathogens.
  • They have pathogen-specific memory.
  • These cells require days to respond.

Natural Host Resistance

  • Normal microbiota helps the host resist pathogens, particularly on the skin and gut (competitive exclusion).
  • The ability of microbes to cause disease varies between species.

Physical and Chemical Barriers to Infection

  • Mucosal membranes are coated with mucus.
  • Stomach acid (low pH) inhibits bacterial growth.
  • Skin is salty and acidic, limiting bacterial growth.

Infection Site and Tissue Specificity

  • Different pathogens invade different tissues.
  • Routes of infection are crucial. Examples including: tetanus in wounds, Salmonella ingested.

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Related Documents

Immune System Properties & Barriers (PDF)
Blood and Lymphatic Systems PDF
Pathogen Challenge and Phagocyte Recruitment PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of immunity, focusing on the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. This quiz will test your knowledge of the types of immune cells involved and their specific functions in the immune response.

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