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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of MHC class I molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of MHC class I molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a component of innate immunity?
What is the process called when memory B cells rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to an antigen?
What is the process called when memory B cells rapidly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to an antigen?
The process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens in the thymus is called:
The process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens in the thymus is called:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the acute phase response?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the acute phase response?
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Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?
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What is the primary function of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells?
What is the primary function of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells?
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What is NOT true about the function of MHC class I molecules?
What is NOT true about the function of MHC class I molecules?
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What is the main function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II molecules?
What is the main function of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II molecules?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?
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Neutrophils are primarily involved in:
Neutrophils are primarily involved in:
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The primary function of helper T cells is to:
The primary function of helper T cells is to:
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Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells?
Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells?
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What type of immunity is acquired throughout a person's life?
What type of immunity is acquired throughout a person's life?
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Which vaccine is an example of a recombinant vaccine?
Which vaccine is an example of a recombinant vaccine?
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Where are IgM antibodies primarily found?
Where are IgM antibodies primarily found?
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Monocytes primarily differentiate into which type of cells?
Monocytes primarily differentiate into which type of cells?
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Which statement about IgG antibodies is NOT true?
Which statement about IgG antibodies is NOT true?
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Diapedesis refers to what process in the immune system?
Diapedesis refers to what process in the immune system?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the complement system?
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The theory of clonal selection emphasizes which principle?
The theory of clonal selection emphasizes which principle?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of a good vaccine?
Which is NOT a characteristic of a good vaccine?
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The process by which macrophages engulf pathogens is called?
The process by which macrophages engulf pathogens is called?
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What is the primary site of T cell maturation?
What is the primary site of T cell maturation?
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Regulatory T cells primarily function to?
Regulatory T cells primarily function to?
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Somatic hypermutation primarily occurs in which type of cells?
Somatic hypermutation primarily occurs in which type of cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immunity?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity
- Innate Immunity: The body's first line of defense, non-specific, and acts immediately.
- Adaptive Immunity: A specific immune response that develops after exposure to a pathogen, has memory, and takes longer to become active.
Immune Cells
-
T Cells: Mature in the thymus, responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
- Helper T Cells (CD4+) : Activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages.
- Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+) : Directly kill infected or abnormal cells.
- Regulatory T Cells: Suppress the immune response, helping to prevent autoimmune diseases.
- B Cells: Mature in the bone marrow, responsible for antibody production.
-
Phagocytes: Engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Neutrophils: Abundant and short-lived phagocytes.
- Macrophages: Long-lived phagocytes capable of antigen presentation.
- Dendritic Cells: Professional antigen-presenting cells, bridge innate and adaptive immunity.
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Kill virus-infected and tumor cells.
- Eosinophils: Fight parasitic infections.
- Basophils: Release histamine, involved in allergic reactions.
Lymphocyte Development
- Clonal Selection: The process by which lymphocytes with receptors specific for an antigen proliferate and differentiate into effector cells.
- Thymic Education: The process by which T cells learn to distinguish self from non-self antigens in the thymus, ensuring immune tolerance.
MHC Molecules
- MHC Class I: Present endogenous antigens (internal proteins) to CD8+ T cells. Found on all nucleated cells.
- MHC Class II: Present exogenous antigens (external proteins) to CD4+ T cells. Found on antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Antibodies
-
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes:
- IgG: Most abundant in serum, can cross the placenta, longest half-life.
- IgM: First antibody produced in primary immune response, restricted to the circulation.
- IgA: Found in secretions (milk, saliva), provides mucosal immunity.
- IgE: Involved in allergic reactions, binds to mast cells.
- IgD: Expressed on B cells, functions not fully understood.
Antigen Presentation
- Antigen Processing: The process of breaking down antigens into peptides.
- Antigen Presentation: The display of processed antigen peptides on MHC molecules.
Immune System Components
-
Lymphatic System: A network of vessels and tissues that collect and filter lymph fluid, transporting lymphocytes and other immune cells.
- Lymph Nodes: Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigens.
- Spleen: Filters blood, removes old red blood cells.
- Thymus: Site of T cell maturation.
-
Complement System: A group of proteins that:
- Opsonize pathogens, making them easier to phagocytose.
- Form a membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse cells.
- Attract and activate immune cells (chemotaxis).
-
Cytokines: Small signaling molecules that regulate immune responses.
- Interferons: Antiviral cytokines.
Immune Responses
- Primary Immune Response: The initial response to an antigen, with a slower response time.
- Secondary Immune Response: The response to a previously encountered antigen, with a faster response time due to memory cells.
Immune Tolerance
-
Self-tolerance: The ability to distinguish self from non-self antigens.
- Central tolerance: During lymphocyte development, self-reactive cells are eliminated.
- Peripheral tolerance: Mechanisms in the periphery to suppress self-reactive lymphocytes.
Immune Disorders
- Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system attacks self-antigens, resulting in tissue damage.
-
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses.
- Type I (immediate): Mediated by IgE antibodies (allergies).
- Type II (cytotoxic): Antibodies attack cells.
- Type III (immune complex): Immune complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation.
- Type IV (delayed): Cell-mediated (T cell-mediated) response (contact dermatitis).
Vaccines
-
Recombinant Vaccines: Use genetically engineered antigens.
- Hepatitis B Vaccine: Made from a recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen.
- Live-attenuated Vaccines: Weakened forms of pathogens.
- Inactivated Vaccines: Killed pathogens (e.g., polio vaccine).
- Toxoid Vaccines: Inactivated toxins (e.g., tetanus toxoid).
Immune Responses
-
Acute Phase Response: The initial, rapid response to inflammation, characterized by:
- Fever
- Increased vascular permeability
- Production of acute phase proteins.
Other Key Concepts
- Diapedesis: The movement of white blood cells (WBCs) through blood vessel walls to reach sites of infection.
- NETosis: A process in which neutrophils release DNA and proteins to form extracellular traps to capture pathogens.
- Somatic hypermutation: A process in which B cell receptors undergo mutations to improve antibody affinity.
- Isotype switching: B cells switch to produce different antibody isotypes (IgM, IgG, IgA, etc.).
- V(D)J Recombination: The process by which gene segments in developing lymphocytes are rearranged to generate diverse antigen receptors.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on the differences between the two immune responses. It includes details about the various immune cells involved, such as T cells and B cells, and their specific functions in the immune system. Test your knowledge on how these cells work together to protect the body from pathogens.
