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What is a characteristic of the innate immune response?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune response?
What is the primary function of lysozyme in tears and saliva?
What is the primary function of lysozyme in tears and saliva?
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response?
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response?
What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
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What is the role of sebum on the skin?
What is the role of sebum on the skin?
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What is the role of hairs in the nose and respiratory tract?
What is the role of hairs in the nose and respiratory tract?
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What is a characteristic of B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)?
What is a characteristic of B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)?
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What is the relationship between the innate and adaptive immune responses?
What is the relationship between the innate and adaptive immune responses?
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What is the primary trigger for blood transfusion reactions?
What is the primary trigger for blood transfusion reactions?
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What is the typical manifestation of autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)?
What is the typical manifestation of autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)?
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What is the primary mechanism of Type III immune hypersensitivity?
What is the primary mechanism of Type III immune hypersensitivity?
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What is the Arthus reaction an example of?
What is the Arthus reaction an example of?
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What is the primary cause of serum sickness?
What is the primary cause of serum sickness?
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What is the typical symptom of serum sickness?
What is the typical symptom of serum sickness?
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What is the primary treatment for autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)?
What is the primary treatment for autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)?
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What is the consequence of immune complexes being deposited in different areas of the body?
What is the consequence of immune complexes being deposited in different areas of the body?
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What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
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What is the treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What is the treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
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What is the result of Rh incompatibility in a subsequent pregnancy?
What is the result of Rh incompatibility in a subsequent pregnancy?
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What is the characteristic of anaphylaxis?
What is the characteristic of anaphylaxis?
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What is the common allergen associated with anaphylaxis?
What is the common allergen associated with anaphylaxis?
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What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction characterized by the formation of antibodies against target antigens on cell surfaces?
What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction characterized by the formation of antibodies against target antigens on cell surfaces?
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What is the result of hemolytic disease of the fetus due to Rh incompatibility?
What is the result of hemolytic disease of the fetus due to Rh incompatibility?
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What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the destruction of blood cells?
What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the destruction of blood cells?
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What is the primary function of HLA on cell surfaces?
What is the primary function of HLA on cell surfaces?
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Which type of immunity is acquired through direct exposure to an antigen and the subsequent production of antibodies?
Which type of immunity is acquired through direct exposure to an antigen and the subsequent production of antibodies?
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What is the term for the ability to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
What is the term for the ability to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
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Which of the following is an example of passive artificial immunity?
Which of the following is an example of passive artificial immunity?
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What is the consequence of the immune system failing to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
What is the consequence of the immune system failing to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
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Which class of HLA molecules is primarily found on immune system cells?
Which class of HLA molecules is primarily found on immune system cells?
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What is the mechanism by which the immune system eliminates T- or B-cells that fail to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
What is the mechanism by which the immune system eliminates T- or B-cells that fail to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens?
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What is the reason for the development of autoimmune disorders in some individuals?
What is the reason for the development of autoimmune disorders in some individuals?
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What is the main consequence of the deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane?
What is the main consequence of the deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular basement membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity?
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What is the primary antigen responsible for the formation of immune complexes in Polyarteritis nodosa?
What is the primary antigen responsible for the formation of immune complexes in Polyarteritis nodosa?
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What is the typical duration of symptoms in Contact Dermatitis?
What is the typical duration of symptoms in Contact Dermatitis?
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What is the primary cell type responsible for the development of chronic inflammation in Graft Rejection?
What is the primary cell type responsible for the development of chronic inflammation in Graft Rejection?
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Which of the following is a common allergen that can cause Contact Dermatitis?
Which of the following is a common allergen that can cause Contact Dermatitis?
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What is the primary consequence of immune complex deposition in Glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary consequence of immune complex deposition in Glomerulonephritis?
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What is the characteristic timing of symptoms in Contact Dermatitis?
What is the characteristic timing of symptoms in Contact Dermatitis?
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Study Notes
Innate Immune Response
- Rapid, early response to microbes
- Non-specific, always the same response
- Involves inflammation, fever, and other mechanisms
- Primarily reacts to microbes
- Relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
- Includes external physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
- Easy for microbes to adapt to
- Stimulates adaptive responses
First Line of Defense
- Skin and mucous membranes
- Sebum on skin forms a protective film that inhibits growth of certain microbes
- Mucous can trap microbes which can be then expectorated or sneezed out of the body
- Hairs in nose and respiratory tract trap and sweep microbes away
- Tears and saliva contain lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down cell walls of some bacteria
Second Line of Defense
- Antimicrobial substances, natural killer (NK) cells, and phagocytes
- Involves activation of the complement system
- Antimicrobial substances include interferons, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins
Adaptive Response
- Specific response to specific attributes of an invader
- Develops with exposure to various organisms and substances
- Slower to kick in, develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
- Works with the innate response system to enhance reactivity
- Attacks microbes and antigens
- Generates immunologic memory, leading to a more rapid response upon subsequent exposure
Immune Cells
- Primary cells of adaptive immunity are B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
- Lymphocytes act as regulator cells, assisting in controlling and orchestrating the immune response
- Lymphocytes can identify self from non-self through HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)
Acquiring Immunity
- Immunity can be acquired in four ways:
- Active natural immunity: develops through direct exposure to an antigen and the immune system develops antibodies
- Active artificial immunity: develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen and subsequently reacts by developing antibodies (e.g., vaccines)
- Passive immunity: passed from a mother to fetus, to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system
- Passive artificial immunity: when antibodies are injected from one system to another, used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism
Auto-Immunity
- Ability to distinguish between self- and non-self antigens is referred to as immunologic self-tolerance
- Auto-immunity is the mounting of an immune response against the body's own tissues
- Can occur when mechanisms fail to eliminate T- or B-cells that fail to differentiate between self- and non-self antigens
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Type I - Anaphylactic Reactions
- Systemic, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction
- Characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure
- Caused by smooth muscle contraction and vascular dilation as a reaction to released mediators
- Common allergens are food, chemicals, insect stings, and drugs
Type II - Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity
- Mediated by IgM or IgG, directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue
- Commonly involves the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction
- Examples:
- Erythroblastosis Fetalis: hemolytic disease that affects neonates, caused by Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: antibodies produced by a patient's own body are responsible for the hemolysis of erythrocytes
- Blood Transfusion Reactions: triggered by incompatible blood type, manifests as fever, chills, and renal failure due to hemolysis of red blood cells
- Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (AITP): body produces antibodies that are directed against platelets, manifests as petechiae, purpura, and mucosal bleeding
Type III - Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity
- Mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation
- Involves IgM and IgG antibodies
- Examples:
- Arthus Reaction: local response, typically performed for experimental purposes, involves the injection of a foreign substance, resulting in complex formation and localized skin reactions
- Serum Sickness: systemic response, caused by animal serum or drugs, resulting in the formation of an antigen-antibody complex, which gets lodged in small vessels and causes an inflammatory reaction
- Glomerulonephritis: local effects, caused by acute streptococcal infection, resulting in the formation of an immune complex, which is deposited on the glomerular basement membrane, leading to inflammation of the glomerulus
- Polyarteritis Nodosa: systemic effects, characterized by inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized arteries with secondary ischemia of the tissues supplied by the affected blood vessels
Type IV - Delayed or Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
- Mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes
- Manifests as sub-acute or chronic inflammation with infiltration of the tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in variable degrees of necrosis
- Examples:
- Contact Dermatitis: acute or chronic delayed type of hypersensitive response to allergens placed on the skin surface, caused by plants, drugs, cosmetics, dyes, paints, and jewelry
- Graft Rejection: caused by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, resulting in chronic inflammation and necrosis of the graft
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Description
Learn about the early response of the immune system, including physical barriers, phagocytes, and antimicrobials. Understand how microbes can adapt and stimulate adaptive responses.
