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Inflammation and Immune Response
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Inflammation and Immune Response

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@LovableNurture

Questions and Answers

What is the result of the accumulation of lactic acid in anaerobic glycolysis?

  • Increased pH
  • Decreased/more acidic pH (correct)
  • Increased cell volume regulation
  • No change in pH

    • What is homeostasis?

  • A type of feedback mechanism
  • A state of instability in the body
  • A type of cell injury
  • A dynamic, steady state of achieving internal balance (correct)

    • Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals are effectors of cell injury.

    True

    Ischemia is a type of reversible cell injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between non-specific and specific immune responses?

    <p>Non-specific/Innate immunity consists of inflammation and natural barriers, while specific/acquired/adaptive immunity includes humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of a feedback mechanism?

    <p>Sensor mechanism, Control Center, and Effector Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vascular response causes ___________, which increases vascular permeability and allows WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.

    <p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to _______________________.

    <p>illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the vascular response with their effects:

    <p>Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to the affected area Increased vascular permeability = Allows WBCs to migrate to the site of injury White blood cell migration = Prevents infection and promotes healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Homeostasis = A state of instability in the body Hypoxia = A decrease of Oxygen getting into the blood cells Ischemia = A type of cell injury Feedback mechanism = A mechanism that maintains homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the impairment of cell volume regulation in anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>Cell swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adaptive immune system is the first line of defense against infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Lysosomal membrane injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback mechanisms work to restore homeostasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the vascular response in inflammation?

    <p>To prevent infection or further damage, limit and control the inflammatory process, interact with components of the adaptive immune system, and prepare the area for healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cellular swelling?

    <p>Dec. 402 due to <a href="http://www.fbuwodssuppyy">www.fbuwodssuppyy</a>, ATP prod.→which then causes an inc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the vascular response is responsible for the initial recruitment of white blood cells to the site of injury?

    <p>Complement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemotaxis refers to the movement of cells in response to mechanical stimuli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the clotting cascade in response to inflammation?

    <p>To form a fibrinous meshwork that traps microorganisms and prevents the spread of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of marking pathogens for phagocytosis is known as _______.

    <p>opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their functions in inflammation:

    <p>Complement system = Lysis and chemotaxis Clotting cascade = Prevents spread of infection Bradykinin = Vasodilation Cytokines = Attracts WBCs to site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes chemotaxis?

    <p>Movement in response to a chemical stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mast cells play a role in increasing vascular permeability during inflammation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of cytokine involved in the inflammatory response.

    <p>Interleukins or Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of edema?

    <p>Increased protein production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is hypernatremia characterized by sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one of the modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease.

    <p>Dyslipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition resulting from injury to the endothelium leading to inflammation is called __________.

    <p>atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following shock types with their descriptions:

    <p>Cardiogenic = Shock due to inadequate heart function Hypovolemic = Shock caused by fluid loss Neurogenic = Shock due to loss of sympathetic tone Anaphylactic = Shock caused by severe allergic reaction Septic = Shock caused by infection leading to systemic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor involved in developing atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Injury to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older age is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication does pulmonary edema fall under?

    <p>Fluid imbalance or heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes are primarily responsible for fighting off parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis is an active process that requires energy expenditure to move water molecules across a membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Mast cells release histamine, a key mediator of the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendritic cells act as messengers between the ______ and ______ immune systems.

    <p>innate, adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocytes with their primary functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytosis, first responders to infection Eosinophils = Allergic reactions and fighting parasites Basophils = Inflammatory reactions and hypersensitivity responses Monocytes/Macrophages = Phagocytosis and differentiation into tissue macrophages NK Cells = Direct cytotoxic activity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells B Cells = Production of antibodies T Cells = Fighting off infections and boosting the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of shock?

    <p>Hemorrhagic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes cardiogenic shock from other types of shock?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock is specifically caused by a failure of the heart to pump blood effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurogenic shock is characterized by a sudden loss of blood pressure due to an overactive sympathetic nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammatory Response

    • Vasodilation increases microvascular permeability, allowing neutrophils to migrate and activating pain receptors.
    • Bradykinin is the primary kinin produced during inflammation.
    • Mast cells release histamine and mediate the inflammatory response.
    • Dendritic cells process and present antigens to activate T-cells, acting as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
    • Leukocytes include:
      • Neutrophils (60-70% of WBCs): Key players in phagocytosis.
      • Eosinophils: Combat allergies and parasites; associated with asthma.
      • Basophils: Involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions.
      • Monocytes/Macrophages: Differentiate into tissue macrophages for phagocytosis.
      • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Target virus-infected and cancer cells.
      • B-Cells: Produce antibodies.
      • T-Cells: Fight infections and enhance immune response.

    Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

    • Osmosis: Passive process moving water from high to low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane, requiring no energy.
    • Hydrostatic pressure: The force exerted by fluids in a system; differs from osmosis in that it can involve energy.
    • Lactic acid accumulation in anaerobic glycolysis leads to decreased pH, disrupting Na+/K+ pump function and causing cell swelling.

    Altered Cell Function

    • Hypoxic cell injury: Decrease in oxygen delivery to blood cells, often due to lung injury; ischemia is the primary cause of cell injury.
    • Irreversible cell injury can result from cell membrane damage and lysosomal membrane injury leading to enzyme leakage and necrosis.
    • Fluid loss from blood vessels leads to cellular swelling, signaling compromised cell viability.

    Immune Response

    • Non-specific (innate immunity) includes inflammation and natural barriers; specific (adaptive immunity) involves humoral (B-lymphocytes) and cell-mediated (T-lymphocytes) responses.
    • Vascular response entails vasodilation and increased permeability, facilitating white blood cell migration to injury sites for healing, infection prevention, and damage control.

    Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is a dynamic state of internal balance; disruptions can cause illness.
    • Maintained by feedback mechanisms with three components:
      • Sensor: Detects changes.
      • Control Center: Regulates responses.
      • Effector: Restores balance.
    • Two types of feedback mechanisms:
      • Negative: Corrects disruptions (e.g., regulating blood glucose).
      • Positive: Further accentuates changes (e.g., labor contractions).

    Plasma Protein Cascade and Chemotaxis

    • Plasma protein cascade includes the complement system, clotting cascade, and kinin system.
    • Chemotaxis refers to the movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli, often driven by cytokines.
    • Complement system: Recruits WBCs to injuries and facilitates destruction of pathogens through lysis and opsonization.
    • Clotting cascade forms a meshwork that traps microorganisms, promotes healing, and halts bleeding.

    Sodium and Water Balance Alterations

    • Isotonic alterations involve equal concentration changes in body water and electrolytes.
    • Hypertonic alterations result in intracellular dehydration with Na+ >145, causing fluid to move out of cells.
    • Hypotonic alterations present with Na+ <135, indicating excess water and low extracellular osmolarity.

    Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

    • Modifiable: Hyperhomocysteinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, stress, alcohol use.
    • Non-modifiable: Age, gender (higher risk for males and post-menopausal females), genetic predisposition, ethnicity (higher among Black/Asian populations).

    Atherosclerotic Plaque Development

    • Initiating event: Injury to the endothelium leads to dysfunction and inflammation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the process of inflammation, including vasodilation, microvascular permeability, and the roles of different cells such as neutrophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells. It also touches on the release of histamine and bradykinin.

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