Immune Response and Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is the main mediator presence dictated by noxious stimuli?

  • Bradykinin
  • Prostaglandin (correct)
  • Leukotrienes
  • Histamine

What is the primary function of leukotrienes in the inflammatory process?

  • Inducing synthesis of WBCs
  • Increasing vascular permeability
  • WBC migration into tissue (correct)
  • Vasodilation

Which cells are involved in the phagocytosis of noxious stimuli?

  • Lymphocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophils (correct)

What is the primary role of signaling and phagocytosis stage in the inflammatory process?

<p>Attracting more WBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for synthesizing blood proteins like albumins and fibrinogen?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of plasma which makes up 92% of it?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of boosters in immunization?

<p>To enhance recognition and response by the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy?

<p>IgA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the decrease in WBC synthesis in elderly individuals lead to?

<p>Decreased differentiation leading to misdiagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route for most common drug administration mentioned in the text?

<p>Intravenous (IV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is primarily responsible for protecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract against infections in newborns?

<p>IgA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first successfully eradicated virus through vaccination?

<p>Smallpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of inflammation according to the text?

<p>Prevent overall injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is NOT mentioned as being activated in the response during inflammation?

<p>Lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is septicemia also known as in the text?

<p>Bacteremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates fever in response to a pathogen in the blood?

<p>Pro-inflammatory mediators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is mentioned as short-term in the text?

<p>'Passive' immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used when inflammation becomes overwhelming and systemic?

<p>'Shock' state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the continuum from infection to inflammation according to the text?

<p>Infection/Inflammation continuum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sepsis based on the text?

<p>Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical condition that septic shock leads to if untreated?

<p>Renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of distributive shock as mentioned in the text?

<p>Enlargement of vessel lumen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as 'hidden' by the term 'Occult septic shock' in the text?

<p>No obvious sign of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypotension in a septic patient lead to according to the text?

<p>Hypoxia + Hypoxemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cyanosis in a patient?

<p>Sign of low oxygenation of tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In septic shock, what percentage does mortality increase per hour without antibiotic treatment?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best defense against sepsis and septic shock according to the text?

<p>Empiric antimicrobial therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the failure rate of blood cultures in cases of sepsis?

<p>Absence of bacteria in most sepsis cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mottled skin indicate in terms of perfusion?

<p>Low perfusion to skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules?

<p>High CO2 and low O2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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