Immune Response and Inflammation

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What is the main mediator presence dictated by noxious stimuli?

Bradykinin

Prostaglandin (correct)

Leukotrienes

Histamine

What is the primary function of leukotrienes in the inflammatory process?

Inducing synthesis of WBCs

Increasing vascular permeability

WBC migration into tissue (correct)

Vasodilation

Which cells are involved in the phagocytosis of noxious stimuli?

Lymphocytes

Mast cells

Platelets

Neutrophils (correct)

What is the primary role of signaling and phagocytosis stage in the inflammatory process?

Attracting more WBCs Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for synthesizing blood proteins like albumins and fibrinogen?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of plasma which makes up 92% of it?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of boosters in immunization?

To enhance recognition and response by the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What does the decrease in WBC synthesis in elderly individuals lead to?

Decreased differentiation leading to misdiagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route for most common drug administration mentioned in the text?

Intravenous (IV) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is primarily responsible for protecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract against infections in newborns?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

What was the first successfully eradicated virus through vaccination?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of inflammation according to the text?

Prevent overall injury Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is NOT mentioned as being activated in the response during inflammation?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is septicemia also known as in the text?

Bacteremia Signup and view all the answers

What initiates fever in response to a pathogen in the blood?

Pro-inflammatory mediators Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is mentioned as short-term in the text?

'Passive' immunity Signup and view all the answers

What term is used when inflammation becomes overwhelming and systemic?

'Shock' state Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the continuum from infection to inflammation according to the text?

Infection/Inflammation continuum Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sepsis based on the text?

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical condition that septic shock leads to if untreated?

Renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of distributive shock as mentioned in the text?

Enlargement of vessel lumen Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as 'hidden' by the term 'Occult septic shock' in the text?

No obvious sign of infection Signup and view all the answers

What does hypotension in a septic patient lead to according to the text?

Hypoxia + Hypoxemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cyanosis in a patient?

Sign of low oxygenation of tissues Signup and view all the answers

In septic shock, what percentage does mortality increase per hour without antibiotic treatment?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the best defense against sepsis and septic shock according to the text?

Empiric antimicrobial therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind the failure rate of blood cultures in cases of sepsis?

Absence of bacteria in most sepsis cases Signup and view all the answers

What does mottled skin indicate in terms of perfusion?

Low perfusion to skin Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition makes it more difficult for hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules?

High CO2 and low O2 levels Signup and view all the answers