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Questions and Answers
A patient with pancreatitis develops hypocalcemia. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely cause?
A patient with pancreatitis develops hypocalcemia. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely cause?
- Enhanced calcium binding to albumin as a result of metabolic alkalosis.
- Calcium deposition in the abdomen during the acute phase of pancreatitis. (correct)
- Increased parathyroid hormone secretion due to pancreatic inflammation.
- Decreased vitamin D absorption secondary to pancreatic enzyme insufficiency.
A patient is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis due to inadequate alveolar ventilation. How do the kidneys compensate for this imbalance?
A patient is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis due to inadequate alveolar ventilation. How do the kidneys compensate for this imbalance?
- Decreasing the excretion of both $H^+$ and $HCO_3^-$.
- Increasing the excretion of $H^+$ and increasing the reabsorption of $HCO_3^-$. (correct)
- Decreasing the excretion of $H^+$ and decreasing the reabsorption of $HCO_3^-$.
- Increasing the excretion of $HCO_3^-$ and increasing the reabsorption of $H^+$.
A patient presents with muscle cramps and tetany. Lab results show a total serum calcium level of 7.8 mg/dL (normal: 9-11 mg/dL). Which of the following could contribute to this patient's hypocalcemia?
A patient presents with muscle cramps and tetany. Lab results show a total serum calcium level of 7.8 mg/dL (normal: 9-11 mg/dL). Which of the following could contribute to this patient's hypocalcemia?
- Hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma.
- Acidosis secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Hypomagnesemia due to chronic alcohol use. (correct)
- Excessive vitamin D intake.
A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Which compensatory mechanism would the body initiate to restore acid-base balance?
A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. Which compensatory mechanism would the body initiate to restore acid-base balance?
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis. Which of the following best describes the primary disturbance and the expected respiratory compensation?
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis. Which of the following best describes the primary disturbance and the expected respiratory compensation?
Flashcards
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium levels in the blood, potentially causing seizures and cardiac issues.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
High calcium levels in the blood that can lead to encephalitis or a life-threatening crisis.
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Low pH and high CO2 due to inadequate alveolar ventilation, causing increased H+ in the blood.
Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis
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Study Notes
- Normal calcium level is between 9-11
Hypocalcemia
- Possible causes:
- Decreased parathyroid hormone caused by injury/removal of parathyroid
- Hypomagnesemia inhibits action of parathyroid
- Alkalosis enhances calcium binding to albumin
- Low vitamin D decreases absorption of calcium
- Calcitonin prevents osteoclast function
- Pancreatitis causes calcium deposition in the abdomen
- Possible results include life threatening seizures and fatal cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia
- Possible causes:
- Excessive parathyroid hormone caused by malignancy/hyperparathyroid
- Acidosis decreases binding to albumin
- Hypervitaminosis D increases absorption of calcium
- Possible results include greater than 14 encephalitis and greater than 15 is life threatening crisis
Respiratory Acidosis
- Inadequate alveolar ventilation causes decreased pH and increased CO2 in the blood, resulting in increased H+
- Compensation involves:
- Kidneys increasing excretion of H+ and reabsorbing HCO3
- Increased respiratory rate to remove CO2 from the body
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Hyperventilation increases pH and decreases CO2 in the blood, resulting in decreased H+
- Compensation involves:
- Decreased respiratory rate
- Kidneys decreasing excretion of H+ and reducing absorption of HCO3
Metabolic Acidosis
- Renal and GI issues include HCO3 loss, acid ingestion, and alterations in acid production which decrease pH and HCO3, resulting in increased H+ in the blood
- Compensation includes hyperventilation/Kussmaul breathing (rapid, deep breathing)
Metabolic Alkalosis
- Renal and GI issues include H+ loss, intracellular shift of H+, and retention of HCO3 which increases pH and HCO3, resulting in decreased H+ in the blood
- Compensation includes hypoventilation
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Description
Normal calcium levels lie between 9-11. Hypocalcemia can result in life-threatening seizures and fatal cardiac dysrhythmias. Hypercalcemia can result in encephalitis and life-threatening crises. Respiratory acidosis is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation, leading to decreased pH and increased CO2 in the blood.
