Humoral Immunity Overview
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Questions and Answers

What oral manifestation is commonly associated with HIV/AIDS due to opportunistic infections?

  • Atrophic glossitis
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia (correct)
  • Periodontal disease
  • Xerostomia

    • Which of the following is a primary cause of oral candidiasis in immunodeficient patients?

  • Viral infections
  • Bacterial biofilm accumulation
  • Inadequate oral hygiene
  • Fungal overgrowth due to weakened immunity (correct)

    • What effect does chemotherapy have on oral tissues in patients undergoing treatment?

  • Mucositis and delayed healing of surgical sites (correct)
  • Enhanced healing of mucous membranes
  • Improved immune response to bacteria
  • Decreased risk of infections

    • Which immunodeficiency example is characterized by increased risk of oral infections from encapsulated bacteria?

    <p>Splenectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral pathology associated with congenital immunodeficiency disorders?

    <p>Oral ulcerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characterized by a defect in both T cells and B cells?

    <p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is primarily used to identify mutations in the BTK gene?

    <p>Genetic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a result of iatrogenic immunodeficiency?

    <p>Chemotherapy/Radiation Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a cause of acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which immunodeficiency disorder is there a reduced ability to produce reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investigation method is commonly used to assess T cell function in immunodeficiency disorders?

    <p>Flow cytometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes DiGeorge syndrome?

    <p>A chromosomal deletion affecting the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of malnutrition on the immune system?

    <p>Decreases the effectiveness of immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Compromised functions of both T-cells and B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary viral target in HIV/AIDS that leads to progression to AIDS?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is NOT typically associated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy?

    <p>Severe cutaneous infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is true?

    <p>Poorly controlled blood sugar impairs neutrophil function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oral implication might arise from organ transplantation?

    <p>Reactivation of herpesviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the cause of acquired (secondary) immunosuppression?

    <p>Environmental and external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of oral health, what is a common implication of severe combined immunodeficiency?

    <p>Oral candidiasis and poor healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic infection is specifically associated with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Pneumocystis jirovecii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for oral infections in cancer therapy?

    <p>Suppressed bone marrow activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence is associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Delayed healing after dental procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Gamma chain of IL receptors defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency is characterized by low neutrophil count and can be caused by autoimmune destruction?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents a congenital immunodeficiency disorder related to thymic aplasia?

    <p>Di George syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary immunodeficiencies from secondary ones?

    <p>Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital or inherited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT typically associated with acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Di George syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome results from a failure of B cells to switch from IgM production?

    <p>Hyper IgM syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of secondary immunodeficiency?

    <p>Drug induced immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the complement system deficiency have on immunity?

    <p>Affects innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions highlights a phenocopy of primary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Acquired malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oral tissue effect is associated with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Delayed tooth eruption due to chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of agammaglobulinemia?

    <p>Low levels or absence of immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) affect oral tissues?

    <p>Increased vulnerability to bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic tool evaluates specific immune functions such as phagocytosis?

    <p>Functional Assays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients undergoing splenectomy are at increased risk for infections with which type of bacteria?

    <p>Encapsulated bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is likely to result in cleft palate in oral tissues?

    <p>DiGeorge Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunodeficiency is most likely associated with persistent oral ulcers?

    <p>Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood test is primarily used to measure antibody deficiencies?

    <p>Immunoglobulin Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common oral tissue complication seen in patients with complement deficiencies?

    <p>Aggressive periodontitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of iatrogenic immunodeficiency?

    <p>Medication side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of flow cytometry in the context of immunodeficiency?

    <p>To identify immune cell populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to increased susceptibility to oral candidiasis due to its effect on immune function?

    <p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tools is best suited for identifying antibody deficiencies?

    <p>Immunoglobulin Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oral complication is frequently associated with DiGeorge Syndrome due to its immunological impact?

    <p>Cleft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most often associated with delayed tooth eruption as a result of recurrent infections?

    <p>X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does splenectomy specifically impact susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Enhances the body's ability to fight encapsulated bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of memory B cells after a pathogen has been cleared from the body?

    <p>They provide long-term immunity by mounting a rapid response if the antigen is encountered again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resolution phase of the immune response, what happens to excess immune cells after the pathogen is eliminated?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis to reduce unnecessary immune activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of NK cells in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

    <p>NK cells are activated upon binding to antibodies attached to infected or tumor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody is most commonly associated with the recognition and binding to antigens on target cells during ADCC?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major consequences of the restoration of homeostasis following an immune response?

    <p>The immune system maintains a balanced state and does not harm the body's own tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the fate of effector B cells once the pathogen has been successfully eliminated?

    <p>They undergo rapid apoptosis to minimize immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Fc receptors on immune cells like NK cells?

    <p>To recognize and bind the Fc region of antibodies attached to target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Th1 cells primarily serve in the immune response?

    <p>Activate macrophages to enhance antigen presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is primarily involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to combat extracellular pathogens by Th17 cells?

    <p>Interleukin-17 (IL-17)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CD4 T helper cells in the immune response?

    <p>Secrete cytokines to aid other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine produced by T regulatory (Treg) cells is critical for regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmunity?

    <p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cytokine produced by Th2 cells is primarily responsible for promoting allergic responses?

    <p>Interleukin-4 (IL-4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is associated with promoting tissue repair and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity?

    <p>Interleukin-22 (IL-22)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for mediating cytotoxic effects against infected cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Interleukin-5 (IL-5) produced by Th2 cells?

    <p>Supports eosinophil growth and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secreted by Th1 cells?

    <p>Enhances inflammation and responds to intracellular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Hyper IgM syndrome?

    <p>B cells fail to switch from IgM production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a deletion at chromosome 22q11?

    <p>Di George syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT typically a cause of neutropenia?

    <p>B cell hyperactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following immunodeficiencies predominantly affects males?

    <p>Agammaglobulinemia due to Bruton's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable feature of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)?

    <p>Affects T, B, and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does NOT fall under congenital (primary) immunodeficiency?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism could lead to agitation of primary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Inherited disorders presenting as acquired deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oral mucosal immune-pathology is characterized primarily by autoimmune mechanisms?

    <p>Pemphigus vulgaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying issue is primarily associated with defects in the complement system?

    <p>Compromised bacteria clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of neutropenia?

    <p>Higher susceptibility to parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic defect associated with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA)?

    <p>Mutation in the <em>BTK</em> gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a defective immune response due to a failure in producing reactive oxygen species?

    <p>Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency may result from extensive chemotherapy or radiation therapy?

    <p>Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of prolonged malnutrition on the immune system?

    <p>Impaired immune function due to nutrient deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following investigations is used to assess underlying infections in acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Blood test for CD4 T cell counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the cause of DiGeorge Syndrome?

    <p>Chromosomal deletion affecting the thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA) on the immune system?

    <p>Lack of mature B cells leading to antibody deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents an example of acquired immunodeficiency?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune pathology is associated with chemotherapy on the innate immune system?

    <p>Suppression of bone marrow and white blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune dysfunction is characterized by specific deficiencies in complement proteins?

    <p>Primary Immunodeficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Humoral Immunity

    • Components of humoral response: complement, antibodies, B cells, plasma cells, cytokines, and chemokines.
    • B-cell formation stages:
      • Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) stage:
        • Location: Bone marrow
        • B cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types.
        • HSCs differentiate into common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), which give rise to B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
      • Pro-B cell stage:
        • Location: Bone marrow
        • The CLP differentiates into a pro-B cell, a crucial step toward B-cell development.
        • Key event: Pro-B cells undergo immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement (VDJ recombination), initiating B-cell receptor (BCR) formation. The BCR is a membrane-bound antibody vital for antigen recognition.
      • Pre-B cell stage:
        • Location: Bone marrow
        • After successful heavy-chain rearrangement, the pro-B cell transitions into a pre-B cell.
        • Key event: The pre-B cell expresses a pre-BCR, comprising the rearranged heavy chain and a surrogate light chain on its surface. This serves as a checkpoint for correct heavy-chain assembly.
      • Immature B cell stage:
        • Location: Bone marrow
        • After light chain gene rearrangement (V-J recombination), the pre-B cell becomes an immature B cell.
        • Key event: The immature B cell expresses a full BCR composed of a complete heavy and light chain.
        • Negative selection: Immature B cells undergo negative selection to ensure that they don't react to self-antigens. B cells that strongly bind to self-antigens are subject to receptor editing (light chain rearrangement) or clonal deletion (apoptosis).
      • Mature naive B cell stage:
        • Location: Lymph nodes
        • Immature B cells that pass negative selection travel to secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes), maturing into naive B cells.
        • Key event: These cells express two classes of BCRs: IgM and IgD on their surface and are considered naive (not yet encountered their specific antigen).
      • Activation and differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells:
        • Location: Peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)
        • Activation: Encountering an antigen matching its BCR, the naive B cell becomes activated with the help of T helper cells and other immune signals.
        • Clonal expansion: The activated B cell proliferates, creating many identical cells (clones) all specific to the same antigen.
        • Differentiation: Some differentiate into plasma cells (antibody-secreting cells) that produce large quantities of antibodies specific to the antigen, while others differentiate into memory B cells that "remember" the antigen and mount a faster response upon re-exposure.
    • Class switch recombination: B cells can change the class of antibodies they produce (e.g., IgM to IgG) without altering the antigen specificity of the BCR.
    • Somatic hypermutation: Mutations occur in the BCR genes, leading to increased affinity for the antigen through a process known as affinity maturation.
    • Plasma cells: Antibody-secreting cells that produce large amounts of antibodies specific to the encountered antigens; reside in the bone marrow. These antibodies neutralize pathogens.
    • Memory B cells: Long-lived cells that "remember" the specific antigen and can mount a rapid response upon re-encountering the same antigen by quickly differentiating into plasma cells and producing antibodies.

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Antigen Recognition: T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
      • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC Class I molecules.
      • CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC Class II molecules.
    • T Cell Activation: T cells require a second signal (co-stimulation) from the APC for full activation.
    • T Cell Differentiation: Activated T cells differentiate into effector T cells with specific functions.
      • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells.
      • CD4+ helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells.
    • Effector Phase: Effector T cells migrate to the site of infection and perform specific immune functions, such as killing infected cells.
    • Contraction and Memory Formation: After infection clearance, most effector T cells undergo apoptosis, but some become memory T cells for long-term immunity against future encounters.

    Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

    • Antibody binding: Antibodies bind to antigens on target cells (e.g., infected cells or tumor cells).
    • Effector cell recognition: Immune effector cells (e.g., natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages) have receptors that bind to the Fc region of the bound antibody.
    • Target cell destruction: Once the effector cell is bound to the antibody, it gets activated, release cytotoxic molecules which directly kill the target cell.

    Immunodeficiencies

    • Categories of immunodeficiencies: Primary (genetic/congenital), Secondary (acquired), and Iatrogenic.

    • Primary immunodeficiencies: Genetic or congenital defects in immune system components. Include:

      • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): Defects in T and B cell development and function.
      • X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA): Absence of mature B cells and impaired antibody production.
      • DiGeorge syndrome: Thymus defects leading to T-cell deficiencies.
      • Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD): Defect in phagocyte function, increasing susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infections.

    • Secondary immunodeficiencies: Immunodeficiency caused by external factors rather than genetic defects. Include:

      • HIV/AIDS: Virus that destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to severe immune deficiency.
      • Malnutrition: Deficiency in essential nutrients affects immune function.
      • Chronic diseases: Some chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, kidney disease) impair immune function and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
      • Cancer: Cancer therapy (chemotherapy/radiation) impairs bone marrow function, reducing white blood cell counts. Infections and opportunistic pathogens may cause severe immune deficiency.
      • Organ transplantation: Immunosuppressive medications are used to prevent rejection, putting patients at risk for infections and other complications.
      • Drug-induced immunosuppression: Certain drugs (e.g., corticosteroids, TNF-α inhibitors) suppress the immune response.

    • Consequences of Immunosuppression: Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, delayed healing, complications in treatment.

    • Oral Implications: Oral candidiasis, frequent infections, periodontal disease.

    Oral Mucosa Defenses

    • Epithelial barrier function and antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidin, histatins, a-amylase (inhibits P. gingivalis), and other proteins.
    • These factors work to protect the oral mucosa from pathogens, reducing inflammation.

    Inflammation

    • Key mediators of inflammation: histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes.
    • Vascular permeability: Increase in blood vessel permeability allowing antibodies and cells to enter. Blood flow increases to help with tissue healing.
    • Phagocytosis: Cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
    • Complement: Complex proteins that enhance these processes.
    •  Leukotrienes: involved in airway tightening and vascular permeability, hindering the function in the body.

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    Description

    Dive into the components and stages of humoral immunity, focusing on the roles of complement, antibodies, and B cells. This quiz covers the development of B cells from hematopoietic stem cells to plasma cells, including key processes like gene rearrangement and receptor formation. Test your knowledge on the intricate processes involved in this essential immune response.

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